Table 3 Bias assessment of engagement outcome measures (first) and clinical/drinking outcome measures (second)
Reference | Domain 1; bias arising from the randomization process | Domain 1b; bias arising from the randomization process (cluster-randomized trials) | Domain 2; bias due to deviations from the intended intervention (assignment to intervention) | Domain 2; bias due to deviations from the intended interventions (adhering to intervention) | Domain 3; bias due to missing outcome data | Domain 4; bias in measurement of the outcome | Domain 5; bias in selection of the reported results | Overall risk of bias judgement |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bradley et al., 2018 | Low risk Low risk | NA | Low risk Low risk | Low risk Low risk | Low risk Low risk | Low risk Some risk | Some risk Some risk | Some risk Some risk |
Coulton et al., 2017 [23] | NA Low risk | NA | NA Low risk | NA Low risk | NA Low risk | NA Some risk | NA Low risk | NA Low risk |
Drummond et al., 2009 [22] | NA Low risk | NA | NA Low risk | NA Low risk | NA High risk | NA Some risk | NA Some risk | NA High risk |
Ettner et al., 2014 [20] | Low risk Low risk | Some risk Some risk | Low risk Low risk | NA NA | Low risk Low risk | Low risk Low risk | Low risk Low risk | Some risk Some risk |
Moore et al., 2010 [19] | NA Low risk | NA | NA Low risk | NA Low risk | NA Low risk | NA Some risk | NA Some risk | NA Some risk |
Oslin et al., 2013 [24] | Low risk Low risk | NA | Some risk High risk | Low risk Low risk | Low risk Low risk | High risk Low risk | Some risk Some risk | High risk High risk |
Saitz et al., 2013 [28] | Low risk Low risk | NA | Low risk Low risk | Low risk Low risk | Low risk Low risk | Some risk Some risk | Some risk Some risk | Some risk Some risk |
Watkins et al., 2017 [25] | Low risk Low risk | NA | Low risk Low risk | Low risk Low risk | Low risk Some risk | Low risk Some risk | Low risk Low risk | Low risk Some risk |
Willenbring et al., 1999 [29] | Low risk Low risk | NA | High risk High risk | Low risk Low risk | Some risk Some risk | Low risk Some risk | Some risk Some risk | High risk High risk |
Wallhed finn et al., 2018 [21] | Low risk Low risk | NA | Low risk Low risk | Low risk Low risk | Low risk Low risk | Low risk Some risk | Low risk Low risk | Low risk Low risk |
Upshur et al., 2015 [26] | Low risk Low risk | Some risk Some risk | Some risk Some risk | NA NA | Some risk Low risk | Some risk Low risk | Some risk Some risk | High risk High risk |