BMC Family Practice BioMed Central Research article PSA testing for prostate cancer: an online survey of the views and reported practice of General Practitioners in the UK

Background The role of Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) testing in the early detection of prostate cancer is controversial. Current UK policy stipulates that any man who wishes to have a PSA test should have access to the test, provided he has been given full information about the benefits and limitations of testing. This study aimed to determine UK GPs' current reported practice regarding PSA testing, and their views towards informed decision-making and PSA testing. Method Online questionnaire survey, with a sample of 421 GPs randomly selected from a database of GPs across the UK. Results 95% (400/421) of GPs responded. 76% of GPs reported having performed a PSA test for an asymptomatic man at least once in the previous three months, with 13% reported having tested more than five men in this period. A majority of GPs reported they would do a PSA test for men presenting with a family history and requesting a test, for asymptomatic men requesting a test and also for men presenting with lower urinary tract symptoms. Reported testing rates were highest for men with a family history. Amongst men with lower urinary tract symptoms and men with no symptoms, reported testing rates were significantly higher for older than younger men. The majority of GPs expressed support for the current policy (67%), and favoured both the general practitioner and the man being involved in the decision making process (83%). 90% of GPs indicated that they would discuss the benefits and limitation of testing with the man, with most (61%) preferring to ask the man to make a further appointment if he decides to be tested. Conclusion This study indicates that PSA testing in asymptomatic men is a regular occurrence in the UK, and that there is general support from GPs for the current policy of making PSA tests available to 'informed' men who are concerned about prostate cancer. While most GPs indicated they would discuss the benefits and limitations prior to PSA testing, and most GPs favoured a shared approach to decision making, it is not known to what extent men are actually being informed. Research is needed to evaluate the most effective approach to assisting men in making an informed decision about whether or not to have a PSA test.


Background
Both physicians and patients highly value continuity in healthcare [1,2]. The Institute of Medicine (IOM) holds that continuity, defined as an ongoing partnership between patients and physicians, is a central and important component of primary care [3]. Continuity fosters personal relationships and is believed to improve health outcomes, although the latter has been difficult to demonstrate formally.
Continuity has been measured in various ways with different associated outcomes. Concepts of continuity include having a usual place for healthcare, having a usual physician and actually having a greater proportion of one's visits with a particular physician [4][5][6]. Continuity reportedly increases use rates of some services, including some preventive services, and is associated with lower health care costs for certain populations [7][8][9][10][11][12]. However, continuity has shown no effect on the use of some particular preventive services, including Pap smears and mammograms [4,13]. Evidence for the relationship between continuity with hospitalization rates is conflicting [4,10,14,15]. Lack of continuity care is associated with fewer follow-up care visits and fewer medical prescriptions given for chronic illness [16]. Few studies, however, have examined outcomes for continuity as defined as having a longer standing relationship with one's physician [9,11]. The outcomes of this notion of continuity are less clearly known.
Elements of trust and satisfaction, important to the ongoing patient-physician relationship, are also important to examine in the context of continuity. Continuity over time allows physicians to get to know and better understand their patients [17] and is associated with greater trust [18]. In older patients, longer relationships are associated with the perception that their provider is more knowledgeable and thorough [11]. Considering these aspects of satisfaction may further the understanding of the benefits of a continuous health care relationship [19,20].
The purpose of this study is to examine the characteristics of rural adults who have longer versus shorter relationships with their current physicians. We also examine if the length of this relationship is associated with aspects of patient satisfaction and with the likelihood that patients have received recommended preventive services.

Study population
Cross-sectional data were obtained from a telephone survey of adults in the rural U.S. Southeast. The survey was conducted as part of an evaluation of the Southern Rural Access Program (SRAP), an initiative to improve access to health care in targeted rural areas of eight U.S. states: Ala-bama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, Texas and West Virginia [21]. Professional Research Consultants, Inc. of Omaha, Nebraska (PRC), a survey research firm, fielded the telephone survey with 4,879 adult respondents living in 150 non-metropolitan counties of these eight states from October 2002 to July 2003. PRC administered the survey using a computerassisted telephone interview (CATI) system with randomly generated numbers within telephone exchanges and active number blocks within each county. Eligible adults included those age 18 and older who had lived in the immediate area for at least 12 months and spoke English or Spanish; a minimum of 10 attempts were made to contact someone at each number. After a number was contacted and confirmed to be a household, a specific adult to be interviewed was randomly selected from among the eligible adults in that household using the next birthday method of identification [22]. The overall participation rate was 51.0% (4879 participants and 4682 refusals). The study protocol was reviewed and exempted by the University of North Carolina School of Medicine's Committee on the Protection of Human Subjects Research.

Eligibility
Participants were asked, "Is there a place that you usually go to when you are sick or need advice about your health?", if they saw a particular person there for their care and how long that person had been their doctor. Of the 4879 respondents, 4367 (89.5%) reported a usual place of care, 3402 (69.7%) saw a particular person for their care and 3197 (65.5%) stated that person was a doctor.
Subjects' were asked 'How long has this person been your doctor?' and asked to respond in one of four duration categories: previous year (0-12 months), the past one to two years (13-24 months), the past three to five years (25-60 months) and more than 5 years (61 months or more). Of the 3197 eligible subjects, 3176 (99.3%) responded to this question and served as the population for this study.

Satisfaction questions
Several satisfaction questions were included in the questionnaire based on previous national and regional surveys and a published study [23][24][25]; responses were provided on five-point Likert scales with a neutral middle option offered. Participants were asked how satisfied they were with their overall health care and with the quality of care they usually received. Participants were also asked how satisfied they were with having their health questions answered during care visits and how welcome and comfortable they were made to feel by the office staff. In addition, participants were asked how satisfied they were with the concern shown for them by their doctor and how confident they were in the abilities of their doctor to help them.

Preventive service questions
Respondents who reported they had a 'routine medical checkup' in the past year were asked several questions pertaining to the preventive services they had received. They were asked how long it had been since they last had a mammogram, Pap smear, flexible sigmoidoscopy/colonoscopy, influenza vaccine and cholesterol level check. They were also asked if they were counseled about tobacco use (if a smoker), physical activity/exercise and nutrition/ diet in the previous 12-months.

Analysis
Participants were sorted into four groups based on the number of years they had received care from the same physician: less than a year, one to two years, three to five years and more than five years. Chi-square tests were used to compare the demographic, satisfaction and preventive health care characteristics of each group of years of continuous care to the group with over five-years of care.
Logistic regression was performed to assess the relationship of continuity to the outcomes of satisfaction and preventive service use rates. Dummy variables were constructed for the years subjects had received care from their primary source of care, with more than five years of care as the omitted (comparison) category. Models for each outcome were adjusted for subject age, gender, race, income, health insurance status and self-reported general health status.
For all analyses STATA 8 (College Station, Texas) [27] was used. When respondent demographics were compared against the 2000 U.S. Census data, survey participation rates were found to be lower for males, persons 18-39 years of age, African-Americans, and those with household incomes below $15,000. Analyses were accordingly weighted to adjust for both the over-sampling in small counties and to correct differential response likelihood by demographic groups.

Results
Among the 3176 persons identifying a particular physician from whom they received their health care, 10.8% (N = 319) had seen the same individual for the past year, 11.8% (N = 369) for the past one to two years, 20.7% (N = 669) for the past three to five years and 56.7% (1819) had seen the same physician for more than five years. Associations between sociodemographic characteristics and duration of care are shown in Table 1. Compared to persons with one year or less continuity with the same physician, respondents with more than five years continuity were more often Caucasian (66.9% versus 61.5%, p = 0.007), more often had insurance (77.3% versus 68.5%, p = 0.001), had more education (43.6% versus 37.5% had at least some college, p = 0.006), more often had an income $25,000 or more (62.4% versus 45.6%, p < 0.001) and more often reported good to excellent health (76.0% versus 66.2%, p < 0.001). Respondents with more than five years continuity also more often had an income higher then $25,000 (62.4%) than the groups reporting only one to two years of continuity (50.1%, p < 0.001) and three to five years continuity (57.6%, p = 0.035). Otherwise, the one to two-year, three to five-year and over five-year continuity groups did not differ in their characteristics.
In terms of putative outcomes of continuity, compared to those with more than five years continuity, more respondents with one year or less of continuity reported being neutral or dissatisfied with their overall health care (10.6% versus 4.5%, p < 0.001), with the quality of their health care (6.7% versus 3.3%, p = 0.022) with having their health questions answered (7.2% versus 3.8%, p = 0.021) and with the concerns shown to them by their physicians (7.0% versus 3.4%, p = 0.004) ( Table 2). A higher proportion of persons with one year or less continuity were also neutral or not confident in the abilities of their physician to help them than those with more than five years of continuity (20.1% versus 14.5%, p = 0.035). There were no significant differences in rates of any of the preventive services, except those who reported seeing a physician for one year or less were more likely to report being counseled in nutrition over the past year (57.8% versus 48.1%, p = 0.008).
Controlling for age, gender, race, income, insurance and health status, participants with one year or less and one to two years of continuity with their physician remained more likely to be neutral or dissatisfied with their overall health care compared to those with more than 5 years of continuity (OR 2.34; 95% CI: 1.39-3.93 and OR 1.78; 95% CI: 1.04-3.06, respectively) ( Table 3). Those with one to two years of continuity were also more likely to be neutral or dissatisfied with the quality of health care they usually received (OR 2.37; 95% CI: 1. 35-4.15). Those with one year or less continuity were also more likely to be neutral or dissatisfied with the concern shown by their physician (OR 1.90; 95% CI: 1.12-3.23) and having their questions answered (OR 1.98; 95% CI: 1.10-3.57). There were no significant differences across groups with various lengths of relationships with their physicians and their confidence in their physician, feeling welcome by office staff, reported rates of counseling for smoking and physical activity and receipt of preventive services (Table 4). Persons with shorter periods of continuity were more likely, however, to report having received nutrition counseling in the past year (OR 1.47; 95% CI: 1.08-2.02).

Discussion
Continuity can be measured in a number of ways. When measured as the length of the patient-physician relationship, we find continuity varies with patient demographics and with elements of satisfaction. Over half of adults of this study's 150 rural communities report seeing the same physician for more than five years. Those who saw the same physician for less than five years tended to be nonwhite, without health insurance, less educated, more often report income of less than $25,000 and more often report fair to poor health status. This group was also less likely to be satisfied with their overall health care and its quality and with components of the doctor-patient relationship. Patients and their physicians value continuity [28][29][30][31]; in this study of rural participants, satisfaction appears associated with length of the continuity relationship, as similarly noted in other studies [11,18,32]. The elements of greater satisfaction found in persons with longer relationships with their physicians lend credence to the importance of the continuity relationship to patient outcomes. However, in this study, there appears to be a threshold effect at one or two years of continuity beyond which satisfaction does not rise significantly further.
Even a relationship length of two years is becoming difficult to maintain in the current U.S. healthcare system, especially in urban areas, with the pressures of competitive managed care plans which encourage patients and their employers to change health plans, and the growth of urgent care centers [33]. In the 1996-97 Community Tracking Study household survey, 17% of privately insured persons changed their health plan during the year prior to the survey [34]. Of those changing health plans, a little over half cited changes in their insurance as the reason for also changing their source of care. Increases in insurance premiums could contribute to further health provider switching.
Satisfaction, as an indicator of quality of care [28], has been found to affect other outcomes, including patient adherence to their physicians' recommendations [35].
Mothers are more likely to follow a physician's treatment recommendations for their child if she feels the physician is friendly and understands the complaint [36]. Patients with hypertension are more likely to adhere to treatment and have their blood pressure under control when the physician considers the patient an active participant in treatment [37].
Previous studies note the importance of having a usual source of care versus no source to the timely receipt of preventive services for younger adults [38,39]. However no differences in preventive care services were observed for older Americans in long-term relationships [9]. In our study preventive services outcomes did not differ significantly by length of continuity as well. For preventive services, it appears that having a usual source of care is important but no additional benefit comes with having a longer-term relationship with that source of care.
Respondents with one year or less continuity, interestingly, were more likely to report receiving nutrition coun- Table 4: Adjusted relationships between receipt of preventive service variables and years of care from the same physician: logistic regression results: Statistical comparisons to group with more than 5 years of continuity seling than those in the five-year or more continuity category. Possibly more patients are asking about nutrition issues in the first year or are specifically changing doctors to discuss nutrition. Another possibility is that the developing familiarity with the patient in a long term relationship may be associated with less vigilance by the physician or less counseling in areas in which the patient may have initially shown resistance [40].

Limitations
The cross-sectional design of this study limits our ability to attribute causation to the statistical relationships demonstrated or know the directions of any causal connections. We do not know if continuity results in higher trust and satisfaction or if the opposite is true. Our data are limited in that the outcomes of having received counseling and other preventive services were self-reported and may not accurately reflect care patients received. Telephone surveys also limit the population to those persons with a working phone, although weighting upwards for households with low incomes and minorities partially adjusts for this. The survey response rate of 51% was moderate but similar to other U.S. national telephone surveys [41]. Response bias is a possibility. This study addressed a rural population statistically representative of the U.S. rural South, thus its findings may not apply to urban and other regions of the U.S. or to other countries. However, we know of no reason to expect that the association between longer-term doctor-patient relationships and satisfaction differs elsewhere.

Conclusion
Over half of this rural population has seen the same physician for more than five years. Longer continuity was significantly related to aspects of the patient-physician relationship, specifically people's satisfaction with and confidence in their physicians, but not with one's likelihood of receiving recommended preventive services. Fostering long-term relationships between patients and their physicians may help promote the outcome of greater patient satisfaction with care.