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Table 1 Cross-sectional studies graded by NIH Quality Assessment Tool [21]

From: The association between self-efficacy and self-care in essential hypertension: a systematic review

No.

Name of paper

Q1

Q2

Q3

Q4

Q5

Q6

Q7

Q8

Q9

Q10

Q11

Q12

Q13

Q14

QR

1

Ahn & Ham 2016 [22]

Y

N

NR

NR

Y

N

N

Y

CD

N

Y

N

NA

Y

Fair

2

Al Noumani 2018 [23]

Y

Y

NR

Y

Y

N

N

Y

Y

N

Y

N

NA

Y

Good

3

Bae et al. 2016 [24]

Y

Y

NR

Y

N

N

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

Y

Fair

4

Bahari et al. 2019 [25]

Y

Y

N

Y

Y

N

N

Y

Y

N

Y

N

NA

Y

Good

5

Breaux-Shropshire et al. 2012 [26]

Y

N

Y

NR

N

N

N

Y

Y

N

Y

N

NA

Y

Fair

6

Chang & Sok, 2015 [27]

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

N

N

Y

Y

N

Y

N

NA

Y

Good

7

Ea et al., 2018 [28]

Y

Y

NR

Y

Y

N

N

Y

Y

N

Y

N

NA

Y

Good

8

Elder et al., 2012 [29]

Y

Y

NR

Y

N

N

N

Y

Y

N

Y

N

NA

Y

Fair

9

Gacek, 2014 [30]

Y

Y

NR

Y

N

N

N

Y

NR

N

NR

N

NA

N

Fair

10

Giena, Thongpat & Nitirat, 2018 [31]

Y

Y

NR

Y

N

N

N

Y

Y

N

Y

N

NA

Y

Fair

11

Heydari et al. 2014 [32]

Y

Y

NR

Y

N

N

N

Y

Y

N

Y

N

NA

N

Fair

12

Hu, Li & Arao, 2015 [33]

Y

Y

Y

Y

N

N

N

Y

Y

N

Y

N

NA

Y

Good

13

Idowu et al., 2012 [34]

Y

Y

Y

Y

N

N

N

Y

Y

N

Y

N

NA

Y

Good

14

Khalesi, Irwin & Sun, 2017 [35]

Y

Y

NR

Y

Y

N

N

Y

Y

N

Y

N

NA

Y

Good

15

Lee & Park, 2017 [36]

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

N

N

Y

Y

N

Y

N

NA

Y

Good

16

Lee et al., 2010 [37]

Y

Y

NR

Y

N

N

N

Y

Y

N

Y

N

NA

Y

Fair

17

Ma, 2018 [38]

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

N

N

Y

Y

N

Y

N

NA

Y

Good

18

Nafradi et al. 2016 [39]

Y

N

NR

NR

N

N

N

Y

Y

N

Y

N

NA

N

Fair

19

Namwong et al. 2015 [40]

Y

Y

NR

Y

Y

N

N

Y

Y

N

Y

N

NA

Y

Good

20

Pinprapapan et al., 2013 [41]

Y

Y

NR

Y

Y

N

N

Y

Y

N

Y

N

NA

Y

Good

21

Son & Won 2017 [42]

Y

Y

NR

Y

Y

N

N

Y

Y

N

Y

N

NA

Y

Good

22

Warren-Findlow et al. 2012 [43]

Y

Y

NR

Y

N

N

N

N

Y

N

Y

N

NA

Y

Fair

  1. Each study was assessed for quality with the NIH Quality Assessment Tool by two independent authors. Differences in grading were resolved by an arbitrator. The final grading of each article on each question in the NIH Quality Assessment Tool is shown here
  2. Y Yes, N No, CD Cannot determine, NR Not reported, NA Not applicable, QR Quality Rating
  3. Q1: 1. Was the research question or objective in this paper clearly stated?
  4. Q2: 2. Was the study population clearly specified and defined
  5. Q3: 3. Was the participation rate of eligible persons at least 50%?
  6. Q4: 4. Were all the subjects selected or recruited from the same or similar populations (including the same time period)? Were inclusion and exclusion criteria for being in the study pre-specified and applied uniformly to all participants?
  7. Q5: 5. Was a sample size justification, power description, or variance and effect estimates provided?
  8. Q6: 6. For the analyses in this paper, were the exposure(s) of interest measured prior to the outcome(s) being measured?
  9. Q7: 7. Was the timeframe sufficient so that one could reasonably expect to see an association between exposure and outcome if it existed?
  10. Q8: 8. For exposures that can vary in amount or level, did the study examine different levels of the exposure as related to the outcome (e.g., categories of exposure, or exposure measured as continuous variable)?
  11. Q9: 9. Were the exposure measures (independent variables) clearly defined, valid, reliable, and implemented consistently across all study participants?
  12. Q10: 10. Was the exposure(s) assessed more than once over time?
  13. Q11: 11. Were the outcome measures (dependent variables) clearly defined, valid, reliable, and implemented consistently across all study participants?
  14. Q12: 12. Were the outcome assessors blinded to the exposure status of participants?
  15. Q13: 13. Was loss to follow-up after baseline 20% or less?
  16. Q14: 14. Were key potential confounding variables measured and adjusted statistically for their impact on the relationship between exposure(s) and outcome(s)?