Table 4 Marginal effects of clinical comorbidities and concurrent or chronic prescriptions on the probability of receiving an opioid prescription during a primary care visit for low back pain (2012–2017)
| Â | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Full Sample n = 24,543 | No Opioid Use 45 Days Prior to Index Visit n = 22,912 | Intermittent Opioid Use Prior to Index Visit n = 1165 | Long-Term Opioid Use Prior to Index Visit n = 437 | |
Contraindications to NSAIDS | ||||
 Kidney Disease | 0.03*** (0.01, 0.04) | 0.02** (0.01, 0.04) | 0.09 (0, 0.18) | −0.01 (− 0.18, 0.16) |
 Liver Disease | −0.01 (− 0.02, 0.01) | − 0.01 (− 0.03, 0.01) | − 0.05 (− 0.15, 0.05) | − 0.01 (− 0.22, 0.2) |
 Inflammatory Bowel Disease | 0.01 (− 0.02, 0.04) | 0.01 (− 0.02, 0.03) | 0.08 (− 0.19, 0.35) | −0.03 (− 0.32, 0.25) |
 Cardiovascular or Cerebrovascular Disease | − 0.01 (− 0.01, 0) | 0 (− 0.01, 0) | −0.06* (− 0.11, − 0.01) | 0.01 (− 0.08, 0.1) |
 Gastrointestinal Disorder, including GERD, Peptic Ulcers, or Bleeding | −0.01 (− 0.01, 0) | −0.01 (− 0.01, 0) | −0.03 (− 0.08, 0.02) | −0.06 (− 0.16, 0.05) |
 Index or Chronic Anticoagulant or Antiplatelet Use | 0.02*** (0.01, 0.03) | 0.02*** (0.01, 0.03) | 0.02 (−0.03, 0.07) | 0.07 (−0.02, 0.16) |
Relative contraindications to opioids | ||||
|  | Full Sample | No Opioid Use 45 Days Prior to Index Visit | Intermittent Opioid Use Prior to Index Visit | Long-Term Opioid Use Prior to Index Visit |
Depression Disorder | 0 (−0.01, 0.01) | 0 (−0.01, 0.01) | 0 (− 0.06, 0.06) | 0.01 (− 0.12, 0.13) |
Anxiety Disorder | − 0.01 (− 0.01, 0) | 0 (− 0.01, 0) | −0.07** (− 0.11, − 0.03) | 0.02 (− 0.05, 0.1) |
Substance Use Disorder | 0.01*(0, 0.03) | 0.02** (0.01, 0.03) | 0.01 (− 0.07, 0.09) | 0.03 (− 0.08, 0.15) |
Bipolar Disorder | 0.02 (− 0.01, 0.05) | 0.03 (0, 0.05) | 0.15* (0, 0.3) | − 0.15** (− 0.25, − 0.05) |
Chronic Systemic Steroid Use | −0.02* (− 0.04, 0) | −0.01 (− 0.04, 0.01) | – | −0.15 (− 0.32, 0.03) |
Benzodiazepine Prescribed at Index Visit | 0.07*** (0.05, 0.09) | 0.06*** (0.04, 0.08) | 0.15 (−0.03, 0.33) | 0.10** (0.14, 0.53) |