Frequent attenders in the German healthcare system: determinants of high utilization of primary care services. Results from the cross-sectional German health interview and examination survey for adults (DEGS)

Table 2 Social and health related determinants for frequent primary care attendance: Results of binary logistic regression analyses (average marginal effects)

	Indicator	Category	Model 1			Model 2			Model 3			Model 4
	Variable	Category	AME	95%	CI	AME	95%	CI	AME	95%	CI	AME	95%	CI
Sociodemographics	SES [Ref high]	low	0.090	0.058	0.121	0.075	0.046	0.105	0.069	0.042	0.097	0.044	0.017	0.070
	SES [Ref high]	medium	0.035	0.017	0.052	0.032	0.014	0.049	0.028	0.010	0.046	0.020	0.001	0.038
	Migrant background [Ref yes]	no	0.012	−0.011	0.036	0.013	− 0.010	0.035	0.015	−0.007	0.038	0.015	−0.007	0.038
	Marriage/consensual union [Ref yes]	no	0.007	−0.014	0.029	−0.004	−0.024	0.016	−0.005	− 0.025	0.014	− 0.003	−0.023	0.016
Psychosocial stress	Social support [Ref moderate/high]	low				0.007	−0.018	0.033	−0.009	− 0.032	0.015	− 0.016	−0.039	0.007
	Unemployment [Ref no]	yes				0.027	−0.012	0.067	0.013	−0.024	0.049	0.004	−0.031	0.039
	Early retirement [Ref no]	yes				0.198	0.110	0.286	0.099	0.017	0.181	0.063	−0.011	0.137
	Stressful life event [Ref no]	yes				0.061	0.040	0.082	0.031	0.011	0.052	0.023	0.003	0.042
Medical need	NCDs [continuous]	count							0.028	0.023	0.034	0.019	0.013	0.025
Medical need	Current depressive symptoms [Ref no]	yes							0.047	0.006	0.088	0.017	−0.017	0.050
Subjective Health	Self-rated health [Ref (very) good]	moderate or worse										0.084	0.056	0.112
	Global activity limitations [Ref no]	yes										0.024	−0.007	0.055
	More likely to get sick [Ref no]	yes										0.063	0.031	0.096

Source: DEGS (n = 6730)
AME average marginal effects, CI confidence interval, SES socioeconomic status, NCDs non-communicable diseases. Boldface indicates p < 0.05

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