Variables | NAFLD Status* | Total, NÂ =Â 263 (%)** | Chi-squarea (df)/t-testb (df) | P-value*** | OR (95% CI)/Mean diff (95% CI)b | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Prevalence | Yes (n = 143, 54.4%) | No (n = 120, 45.6%) |  |  |  |  |
Age (years): (Mean ± SD) | 53.31 (±13.34) | 51.04 (±16.15) |  | -1.246b (261) | 0.214 | −2.27 (− 5.85,1.31)b |
Age Classification: n (%) | ||||||
 18–29 | 7 (30.4) | 16 (69.6) | 23 (8.7) | 11.97(4)a | 0.018 | 1 |
 30–39 | 21 (45.7) | 25 (54.3) | 46 (17.5) |  |  | 0.37(0.14,0.96) |
 40–49 | 21 (72.4) | 8 (27.6) | 29 (11.0) |  |  | 0.70(0.35,1.40) |
 50–59 | 32 (62.7) | 19 (37.3) | 51 (19.4) |  |  | 2.20(0.90,5.38) |
 ≥ 60 | 62 (54.4) | 52 (45.6) | 114 (43.4) |  |  | 1.41(0.72,2.78) |
Gender: n (%) | ||||||
 Female | 60 (45.8) | 71 (54.2) | 131 (49.8) |  |  | 1 |
 Male | 83 (62.9) | 49 (37.1) | 132 (50.2) | 7.729 (1)a | 0.005 | 2.00(1.23,3.28) |
Marital Status: n (%) | ||||||
 Single | 17 (58.5) | 24 (41.5) | 41 (15.6) | 3.310 (2)a | 0.192 | 1 |
 Married | 119 (56.9) | 90 (43.1) | 209 (79.5) |  |  | 0.61(0.17,2.13) |
 Divorced/Widowed | 7 (53.8) | 6 (46.2) | 13 (4.9) |  |  | 1.13(0.37,3.49) |
Ethnicity: n (%) | ||||||
 Malay | 111 (52.9) | 99 (47.1) | 210 (79.8) | 2.865 (2)a | 0.239 | 1 |
 Chinese | 22 (55) | 18 (45.0) | 40 (15.2) |  |  | 1.09(0.55,2.15) |
 India/others | 10 (76.9) | 3 (23.1) | 13 (5.0) |  |  | 2.97(0.80,11,11) |
Income group: n (%) | ||||||
 B40 (≤ RM3000) | 84 (54.2) | 71(45.8) | 155 (58.9) | 0.005 (1)a | 1.00 | 1 |
 M40 + T20 (> RM3000) | 59 (54.6) | 49 (45.4) | 108 (41.1) |  |  | 1.018 (0.621,1.667) |
Educational Level: n (%) | ||||||
 No formal/primary | 7 (41.2) | 10 (58.8) | 17 (6.5) | 7.759 (3)a | 0.051 | 1 |
 Secondary | 57 (60.6) | 37 (39.4) | 94 (35.7) |  |  | 2.20(0.77,6.29) |
 Technical/Vocational/Diploma | 35 (63.6) | 20 (36.4) | 55 (20.9) |  |  | 2.50(0.82,7.59) |
 Tertiary | 44 (45.4) | 53 (54.6) | 97 (36.9) |  |  | 1.18(0.42,3.37) |
Occupation: n (%) | ||||||
 Unemployed | 61 (48.0) | 66 (52.0) | 127 (48.3) | 11.352 (3)a | 0.023 | 1 |
 Employed | 82 (60.3) | 54 (39.7) | 136 (51.7) |  |  | 0.61(0.37,0.99) |
Smoking status n (%) | ||||||
 Never | 132 (53.7) | 114 (46.3) | 246 (93.5) | 0.782 (1)a | 0.455 | 1.58(0.57,4.42) |
 Active smoker | 11 (64.7) | 6 (35.3) | 17 (6.5) |  |  |  |
Co-morbidities, n (%) | ||||||
 T2DM | ||||||
 Yes | 63 (70.0) | 27 (30.0) | 90 (34.2) | 13.468 (1)a | < 0.001 | 2.713(1.58,4.65) |
 No | 80 (46.2) | 93 (53.8) | 173 (65.8) |  |  |  |
 Dyslipidaemia | ||||||
 Yes | 92 (60.9) | 59 (39.1) | 151 (57.4) | 6.14 (1)a | 0.017 | 1.88(1.14,3.06) |
 No | 51 (45.5) | 61 (54.5) | 112 (42.6) |  |  |  |
 Hypertension | ||||||
 Yes | 79 (59.0) | 55 (41.0) | 134 (51.0) | 2.31 (1)a | 0.139 | 1.46(0.9,2.38) |
 No | 64 (49.6) | 65 (50.4) | 129 (49.0) |  |  |  |
BMI, kg/m2: (Mean ± SD) | 30.5 (±6.56) | 27.52 (±5.87) |  | −3.947 (261)b | < 0.001 | −3.06 (−4.58,-1.53) |
BMI category: n (%) | ||||||
 Not obese | 11 (30.6) | 25 (69.4) | 36 (13.7) | 23.316 (2) | < 0.001 | 1 |
 Pre-obese | 35 (41.2) | 50 (58.8) | 85 (32.3) |  |  | 1.59(0.69,3.65) |
 Obese | 97 (68.3) | 45 (31.7) | 142 (54.0) |  |  | 4.90(2.22,10.82) |
WC, cm: (Mean ± SD) | 99.04 (±14.4) | 90.71 (±11.57) |  | −5.099 (261)b | < 0,001 | −8.329 (−11.547,-5.113) |
WC category, n (%) | ||||||
 Normal | 19 (66.1) | 37 (33.9) | 56 (21.3) | 11.99 (1) | 0.001 | 2.909 (1.566,5.403) |
 Abnormal | 124 (59.9) | 83 (40.1) | 207 (78.7) |  |  |  |
SBP: (Mean ± SD) | 134.76 (±15.72) | 127.99(±15.64) |  | −3.487 (261)b | 0.001 | −6.771 (−10.59,-2.94)b |
SBP (mmHg) category: n (%) | ||||||
 Normal < 130 | 49 (44.1) | 62 (55.9) | 111 (42.2) | 8.1 (1)a | 0.006 | 2.05 (1.25–3.37) |
 Elevated ≥130 | 94 (61.8) | 58 (38.2) | 152 (57.8) |  |  |  |
DBP: (Mean ± SD) | 77.37 (±10.14) | 74.05 (±10.08) |  | −2.652 (261)b | 0.008 | −3.32 (−5.79,-.086)b |
DBP (mmHg) category: n (%) | ||||||
 < 85, n (%) | 110 (52.9) | 98 (47.1) | 208 (79.1) | 0.89 (1)a | 0.365 | 1.34 (0.73–2.45) |
 ≥ 85, n (%) | 33 (60.0) | 22 (40.0) | 55 (20.9) |  |  |  |
TC, mmol/L: (Mean ± SD) | 4.83 (±1.18) | 4.95 (±1.32) |  | 0.764 (261)b | 0.446 | 0.12 (−0.19,0.42)b |
TC (mmol/L) category: n (%) | ||||||
 < 5.0 mmol/L, | 84 (54.9) | 69 (45.1) | 153 (58.2) | 0.41 (1)a | 0.900 | 0.95 (0.58–1.55) |
 ≥ 5.0 mmol/L | 59 (53.6) | 51 (46.4) | 110 (41.8) |  |  |  |
TG, mmol/L: (Mean ± SD) | 1.62 (±0.82) | 1.42 (±1.04) |  | −1.854 (261)b | 0.065 | −0.212 (− 0.437,0.013)b |
TG (mmol/L) category: n (%) | ||||||
 Normal < 1.7 | 91 (49.2) | 94 (50.8) | 185 (70.3) | 6.76 (1)a | 0.01 | 2.07 (1.19–3.59) |
 Elevated ≥1.7 | 52 (66.7) | 26 (33.3) | 78 (29.7) |  |  |  |
LDL-c, mmol/L: (Mean ± SD) | 2.82 (±1.05) | 2.89 (±1.14) |  | 0.478 (261)b | 0.633 | 0.064 (−0.201,0.330)b |
LDL-c (mmol/L) category: n (%) | ||||||
 Normal < 3.1 | 89 (54.3) | 75 (45.7) | 164 (62.4) | 0.002 (1)a | 1.0 | 1.01(0.61–1.67) |
 Elevated ≥3.1 | 54 (54.5) | 45 (45.5) | 99 (37.6) |  |  |  |
HDL-c, mmol/L: (Mean ± SD) | 1.28 (±0.29) | 1.41 (±0.34) |  | 3.362 (261)b | 0.001 | 0.131(0.054,0.208)b |
HDL-c (mmol/L) category: n (%) | ||||||
 Low ≤1.0 in men | 12 (80.0) | 3 (20.0) | 15 (11.4) | 1.62 (1)a | 0.238 | 0.526 (0.194–1.430) |
 Normal > 1.0 | 71 (60.7) | 46 (39.3) | 117 (88.6) |  |  |  |
HDL-c (mmol/L) category: n (%) | ||||||
 Low ≤1.3 in women | 38 (67.9) | 18 (32.1) | 56 (21.3) | 5.215 (1)a | 0.024 | 0.488 (0.26–0.910) |
 Normal > 1.3 | 105 (50.7) | 102 (49.3) | 207 (78.7) |  |  |  |
FPG, mmol/L: (Mean ± SD) | 6.833 (±4.30) | 5.481 (±1.434) |  | −3.253 (256)b | 0.001 | −1.35 (−2.17,-0.53)b |
FPG (mmol/L) category: n (%) | ||||||
 Normal < 5.6 | 56 (40.6) | 82 (59.4) | 138 (53.5) | 23.704 (1)a | < 0.001 | 3.55 (2.11–5.98) |
 Elevated ≥5.6 | 85 (70.8) | 35 (29.2) | 120 (46.5) |  |  |  |
HbA1c in %: (Mean ± SD) | 7.63 (±1.62) | 7.37 (±1.50) |  | −0.741 (98)b | 0.461 | −0.26 (−0.96,0.434)b |
HbA1c category: n (%) | ||||||
 Controlled < 7.0% | 24 (75.0) | 8 (25.0) | 32 (32.0) | 1.210 (1)a | 0.812 | 0.80 (0.31–2.08) |
 Uncontrolled ≥7.0% | 48 (70.6) | 20 (29.4) | 68 (68.0) |  |  |  |
ALT, U/L: (Mean ± SD) | 35.69 (±28.61) | 22.26 (±17.85) |  | −4.443 (258)b | < 0.001 | −13.44 (−19.39, −7.48)b |
ALT (U/L) category: n (%) | ||||||
 Normal ≤34 | 84 (44.9) | 103 (55.1) | 187 (71.9) | 23.26 (1)a | < 0.001 | 4.37 (2.34–8.16) |
 Elevated > 34 | 57 (78.1) | 16 (21.9) | 73 (28.1) |  |  |  |
GGT, U/L: (Mean ± SD) | 48.95 (± 41.15) | 36.16 (±44.6) |  | −2.398 (257)b | 0.017 | −12.79 (−23.29,-2.289)b |
GGT (U/L) category: n (%) | ||||||
 Normal ≤60 | 102 (49.3) | 105 (50.7) | 207 (79.9) | 8.78 (1)a | 0.004 | 2.69 (1.38–5.28) |
 Elevated > 60 | 38 (73.1) | 14 (26.9) | 52 (20.1) |  |  |  |