PAM® level | P for linearity | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
1–2 n = 76 (13%) | 3 n = 185 (31%) | 4 n = 336 (56%) | ||
Women, n (%) | 40 (53) | 105 (57) | 166 (49) | 0.41 |
Age, mean (SD) | 72 (10) | 70 (8) | 68 (9) | < 0.001 |
Living with a spouse, n (%) | 47 (62) | 122 (66) | 240 (71) | 0.075 |
Number of education years, mean (SD) | 9.7 (3.3) | 9.8 (2.9) | 10.4 (3.2) | 0.021 |
Retired, n (%) | 67 (88) | 165 (89) | 279 (83) | 0.14 |
Smoking, n (%) | 9 (12) | 20 (11) | 36 (11) | 0.79 |
Number of alcohol drinks per week, mean (SD) | 2.1 (5.4) | 1.7 (3.0) | 1.9 (3.8) | 0.75 |
Physical activitya, mean (SD) | 29 (20) | 37 (18) | 45 (20) | < 0.001 |
Body mass index, kg/m2, mean (SD) | 31.7 (7.2) | 29.8 (5.9) | 28.8 (5.2) | < 0.001 |
Blood pressure, mmHg, mean (SD) | ||||
Systolic | 144 (17) | 147 (19) | 145 (18) | 0.99 |
Diastolic | 80 (10) | 82 (11) | 82 (10) | 0.16 |
Fasting plasma glucose, mmol/l, mean (SD) | 6.79 (1.59) | 6.70 (1.26) | 6.48 (1.25) | 0.065 |
HBA1C, mmol/mol, mean (SD) | 42.7 (11.0) | 42.1 (9.3) | 40.5 (7.2) | 0.057 |
LDL, mmol/l, mean (SD) | 2.58 (1.05) | 2.68 (1.03) | 2.65 (0.93) | 0.70 |
Beck depression index score, mean (SD) | 9.2 (7.0) | 6.4 (5.0) | 5.2 (4.6) | < 0.001 |
Diseases, n (%) | ||||
Diabetes mellitus | 35 (46) | 84 (45) | 127 (38) | 0.11 |
Hypertension | 63 (83) | 155 (84) | 267 (79) | 0.37 |
Ischemic heart disease | 20 (26) | 50 (27) | 97 (29) | 0.61 |
Atrial fibrillation | 14 (18) | 23 (12) | 37 (11) | 0.083 |
Cardiac failure, insufficiency | 5 (7) | 16 (9) | 18 (5) | 0.50 |
Musculoskeletal disorders | 51 (67) | 102 (55) | 168 (50) | 0.006 |
Dementia | 5 (7) | 2 (1) | 0 (0) | < 0.001 |
Depression or other psychiatric disorders | 6 (8) | 12 (6) | 18 (5) | 0.38 |
Asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 14 (18) | 20 (11) | 49 (15) | 0.58 |
Neurological diseases | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | 7 (2) | 0.36 |
Cancer | 2 (3) | 2 (1) | 4 (1) | 0.37 |
Number of diseases, mean (SD) | 2.8 (1.4) | 2.5 (1.2) | 2.4 (1.2) | 0.004 |