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Table 4 Unadjusted and adjusted means, and β coefficients of EQ5D VAS across various predictors

From: How does multimorbidity affect middle-aged adults? A cross-sectional survey in the Singapore primary healthcare setting

Predictor Variables

Un adjusted mean

(SD)

Adjusted mean

(SD)

β

95% C.I

p-value

No. of chronic condition(s)

 1 or 2

68.5

(16.0)

69.6

(2.5)

REFERENCE

–

–

 ≥ 3

64.9

(16.8)

66.5

(2.5)

−0.045

(0.102, 0.12)

0.12

Age (years)

 < 50

62.8

(19.1)

63.2

(3.2)

−0.100

(− 0.199. -0.001)

0.05

 50–54

68.8

(16.2)

71.4

(3.3)

0.021

(−0.058, 0.101)

0.60

 55–59

66.5

(16.8)

68.0

(2.7)

−0.027

(−0.095, 0.041)

0.43

 60–64

68.0

(15.0)

69.9

(2.7)

REFERENCE

–

–

Sex

 Male

66.8

(16.1)

67.8

(2.6)

REFERENCE

–

–

 Female

67.1

(16.7)

68.3

(2.4)

0.006

(0.053, 0.066)

0.84

Ethnicity

 Chinese

66.8

(16.2)

67.4

(2.5)

REFERENCE

–

–

 Non-Chinese

67.9

(17.5)

68.7

(2.9)

0.019

(0.064, 0.101)

0.66

Main Spoken Language

 English

67.4

(16.3)

69.4

(2.8)

REFERENCE

–

–

 Mandarin

66.4

(16.4)

66.8

(2.7)

−0.038

(−0.110, 0.034)

0.31

 Malay/Tamil/ Others

67.8

(16.9)

68.0

(3.1)

−0.021

(−0.106, 0.065)

0.64

Marital Status

 Married

67.3

(16.0)

68.7

(2.8)

REFERENCE

–

–

 Othersa

65.8

(18.0)

67.4

(2.6)

−0.018

(−0.097, 0.061)

0.65

Education

 Primary/ No formal

67.8

(16.4)

70.1

(3.0)

REFERENCE

–

–

 Secondary

67.3

(15.7)

68.6

(2.8)

−0.022

(−0.091,0.048)

0.54

 Post-secondary

65.5

(17.7)

65.5

(2.6)

−0.068

(− 0.156, 0.020)

0.13

Employment

 Employed

67.1

(16.5)

68.6

(2.4)

REFERENCE

–

–

 Unemployed/ Retired

66.7

(16.3)

67.5

(2.7)

−0.016

(−0.081, 0.049)

0.62

Monthly Household Income

 < $2000

64.7

(18.0)

64.8

(2.8)

REFERENCE

–

–

 $2000–$3999

68.8

(14.6)

70.4

(2.9)

0.083

(−0.002, 0.168)

0.06

 $4000–$5999

66.0

(18.0)

68.2

(3.2)

0.051

(−0.042, 0.144)

0.28

 ≥ $6000

68.6

(14.9)

70.7

(3.6)

0.087

(−0.015, 0.189)

0.09

 Not disclosed

66.5

(16.7)

66.4

(2.9)

0.025

(−0.066, 0.116)

0.59

Dwelling

 Institution/ HDB 1–3 room

68.9

(19.0)

70.0

(2.7)

REFERENCE

–

–

 HDB 4 room

65.1

(16.1)

65.9

(2.7)

−0.061

(−0.135, 0.013)

0.11

 Other dwellingsb

67.9

(14.6)

68.3

(2.9)

−0.026

(− 0.106, 0.054)

0.53

Home Ownership

 Owner-occupied

67.2

(15.8)

68.9

(2.3)

REFERENCE

–

–

 Not owner-occupied

64.7

(21.2)

67.2

(3.4)

−0.026

(−0.127, 0.076)

0.62

Living Arrangement

 Living alone

70.3

(21.7)

71.0

(4.1)

REFERENCE

–

–

 Living with others

66.7

(16.0)

65.2

(1.9)

−0.086

(−0.204, 0.033)

0.16

  1. aOther marital status: not married, single, widowed, divorced, and separated
  2. b Other dwellings: HDB 5-room, HDB executive, Housing and Urban Development Company apartment, HDB executive condominium, private condominium, and landed properties
  3. HDB Housing and Development Board
  4. *p-value < 0.05
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BMC Primary Care

ISSN: 2731-4553

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