Table 2 Characteristics related to the overall mortality of patients with heart failure at New York heart Association IV functional class, according to gender
From: Relationship between the place of living and mortality in patients with advanced heart failure
Overall | Women | Men | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alive N = 556 | Dead N = 592 | P value | Alive N = 371 | Dead N = 337 | P value | Alive N = 185 | Dead N = 255 | P value | |
Age | 79.7 (9.3) | 83.3 (8.0) | < 0.001 | 81.4 (8.6) | 85.0 (7.7) | < 0.001 | 76.5 (9.9) | 81.2 (7.7) | < 0.001 |
Body Mass Index | 31.5 (6.7) | 28.9 (6.4) | < 0.001 | 32.4 (6.8) | 30.1 (7.0) | < 0.001 | 30.0 (6.2) | 27.5 (5.2) | < 0.001 |
Smoker | 22 (4) | 19 (3) | 0.698 | 7 (2) | 1 (0) | 0.112 | 15 (8) | 18 (7) | 0.009 |
Comorbidity | |||||||||
Diabetes | 234 (42) | 251 (42) | 0.971 | 154 (41) | 132 (39) | 0.577 | 80 (43) | 119 (47) | 0.538 |
Coronary heart disease | 178 (32) | 197 (33) | 0.782 | 100 (27) | 84 (25) | 0.597 | 78 (42) | 113 (44) | 0.725 |
Stroke | 78 (14) | 85 (14) | 0.854 | 50 (14) | 41 (12) | 0.683 | 28 (15) | 44 (17) | 0.644 |
Chronic kidney disease | 162 (29) | 229 (39) | < 0.001 | 119 (32) | 134 (40) | 0.040 | 43 (23) | 95 (37) | 0.003 |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 170 (31) | 208 (35) | 0.089 | 76 (21) | 69 (21) | 1.000 | 94 (51) | 139 (55) | 0.502 |
Atrial fibrillation | 254 (46) | 282 (48) | 0.707 | 184 (50) | 172 (51) | 0.758 | 70 (38) | 110 (43) | 0.309 |
Cancer | 81 (15) | 135 (23) | < 0.001 | 54 (15) | 60 (18) | 0.284 | 27 (15) | 75 (29) | < 0.001 |
Hypertension | 449 (81) | 460 (77) | 0.218 | 313 (84) | 281 (83) | 0.800 | 136 (74) | 179 (70) | 0.513 |
Clinical Variables | |||||||||
Heart Rate (beats/minute) a | 76.6 (15.2) | 76.8 (14.0) | 0.735 | 76.7 (15.4) | 76.5 (14.3) | 0.798 | 76.4 (14.9) | 77.4 (13.7) | 0.487 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)a | 127.7 (18.4) | 123.3 (18.5) | < 0.001 | 129 (18.3) | 125 (19.2) | 0.007 | 126 (18.4) | 121 (17.5) | 0.009 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)a | 69.5 (10.7) | 66.7 (10.3) | < 0.001 | 70.2 (11.1) | 67.1 (10.3) | < 0.001 | 68.2 (9.8) | 66.3 (10.4) | 0.051 |
Potassium mEq/L a | 4.5 (0.5) | 4.6 (0.6) | 0.033 | 4.4 (0.5) | 4.5 (0.5) | 0.133 | 4.5 (0.6) | 4.6 (0.6) | 0.370 |
Sodium mEq/L a | 140.8 (3.5) | 140.5 (3.9) | 0.060 | 141 (3.4) | 141 (3.7) | 0.351 | 141 (3.5) | 140 (3.9) | 0.309 |
Glomerular filtration | 1.2 (0.6) | 1.4 (0.8) | < 0.001 | 1.1 (0.4) | 1.3 (0.5) | < 0.001 | 1.3 (0.8) | 1.5 (1.0) | 0.007 |
Hemoglobin (g/dL)a | 12.3 (1.7) | 11.9 (1.8) | < 0.001 | 12.2 (1.5) | 11.7 (1.7) | < 0.001 | 12.8 (1.9) | 12.3 (1.9) | 0.009 |
Barthel Index a | 59.8 (27.8) | 54.4 (28.6) | < 0.001 | 55.9 (27.2) | 48.5 (27.6) | < 0.001 | 67.8 (27.5) | 62.4 (28.2) | 0.043 |
Charlson Index a | 3.2 (1.6) | 3.8 (1.8) | < 0.001 | 3.2 (1.5) | 3.5 (1.6) | 0.024 | 3.4 (1.6) | 4.2 (1.9) | < 0.001 |
Medication | |||||||||
Beta-blockers | 271 (49) | 246 (42) | 0.011 | 182 (49) | 143 (42) | 0.091 | 89 (48) | 103 (40) | 0.130 |
ACEi or ARB b | 397 (71) | 361 (61) | < 0.001 | 262 (71) | 216 (64) | 0.077 | 135 (73) | 145 (56) | 0.001 |
MRAc | 145 (26) | 159 (27) | 0.883 | 83 (22) | 79 (23) | 0.803 | 62 (33) | 80 (31) | 0.711 |
Loop diuretics | 479 (86) | 536 (91) | 0.083 | 315 (85) | 306 (91) | 0.023 | 164 (89) | 230 (90) | 0.714 |
Social Variables | |||||||||
Living alone | 164 (29) | 179 (30) | 0.988 | 121 (33) | 100 (30) | 0.446 | 43 (23) | 79 (31) | 0.093 |
Inadequate housing conditions | 220 (40) | 287 (48) | 0.002 | 131 (35) | 166 (49) | < 0.001 | 89 (48) | 121 (47) | 0.968 |