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Table 5 Total healthcare costs among patients who used the BC healthcare system, 2015/16a

From: Population segments as a tool for health care performance reporting: an exploratory study in the Canadian province of British Columbia

Cost Ratio (CR) (LCL – UCL)

 

Segment 1 Low need (n = 2,293,901)

Segment 2 Multiple morbidities(n = 447,890)

Segment 3 Medically complex (n = 115,726)

Segment 4 Frail (n = 65,156)

Age (years)

 18–44

0.57 (0.56–0.57)

0.75 (0.74–0.76)

0.77 (0.75–0.78)

n/a

 45–64

0.74 (0.74–0.75)

0.88 (0.87–0.88)

0.94 (0.92–0.96)

n/a

 65–74

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 75+

1.47 (1.45–1.48)

1.24 (1.23–1.25)

1.17 (1.15–1.19)

0.88 (0.86–0.90)

Sex

 Female

1.03 (1.03–1.03)

0.90 (0.90–0.91)

0.91 (0.90–0.93)

0.82 (0.81–0.84)

 Male

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Number of chronic conditions (0–5+): continuous variableb

1.79 (1.79–1.80)

1.33 (1.32–1.33)

1.27 (1.26–1.28)

1.30 (1.30–1.31)

SES

 Low

1.07 (1.06–1.07)

1.04 (1.03–1.05)

1.11 (1.09–1.12)

1.02 (1.00–1.04)

 High

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Continuity index (UPC)

1.34 (1.33–1.35)

1.09 (1.07–1.10)

1.04 (1.01–1.07)

0.61 (0.58–0.64)

Coordination: number of FPs

 Saw < 5 FPs

0.45 (0.45–0.46)

0.67 (0.66–0.68)

0.77 (0.75–0.78)

0.73 (0.70–0.76)

 Saw > = 5 FPs

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Access: out-of-hours FPs

 Yes

3.91 (3.87–3.94)

2.48 (2.44–2.52)

1.91 (1.86–1.96)

1.96 (1.90–2.02)

 No

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  1. *p ≥ 0.05, all other p < 0.05; LCL lower confidence limit, UCL upper confidence limit, FP family physician, SES socioeconomic status, UPC usual provider of care
  2. aAs in Table 4a, this table excludes individuals with no FP visits in the 3 years of data used to create the continuity of care measure (UPC). This table also excludes individuals with $0 costs in 2015/16 which varies by segment: Segment 1 = 264,375; Segment 2 = 2035; Segment 3 = 1095; Segment 4 = 505
  3. bNumber of chronic conditions was treated as a continuous variable given that the number of chronic conditions varies by segment (e.g., by definition segment 1 has fewer chronic conditions than segment 4); please see Supplementary File 3 (Table 1a and b) for analyses where chronic conditions were treated as categorical variables; we note that this did not change our findings