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Table 1 Patient and clinic characteristics

From: Clinic and patient variation in intermediate clinical outcomes for type 2 diabetes: a multilevel analysis

Characteristics

N (%)

Demographics (n = 2960)

 Age (years) a

60 (11)

 Sex

  Male

1085 (36.7%)

  Female

1875 (63.3%)

 Ethnicity

  Malay

2098 (70.9)

  Chinese

486 (16.4)

  Indian

357 (12.1)

  Others

19 (0.6)

Diabetes variables and comorbidities

 Duration of diabetes (years) a

7.3 (5.6)

 Hypertension

2341 (79.1)

 Hyperlipidaemia

1552 (52.4)

 Microvascular complications

830 (28.0)

  Nephropathy

401 (13.5)

  Diabetic eye complications (retinopathy, cataract)

303 (10.2)

  Neuropathy

126 (4.3)

 Macrovascular complications

236 (8.0)

  Coronary heart disease

145 (4.9)

  Cerebrovascular disease

57 (1.9)

  Heart failure

33 (1.1)

  Peripheral vascular disease

1 (0.03)

 Glucose-lowering therapy

  Oral only

1942 (65.6)

  Insulin ± oral

927 (31.3)

  No pharmacotherapy

91 (3.1)

 Antihypertensive therapy

  ACEI or ARB

1962 (66.3)

  Other antihypertensive

618 (20.9)

   No pharmacotherapy

380 (12.8)

 Lipid-lowering therapy

  Statin ± other lipid-lowering agent

2401 (81.1)

  Other lipid-lowering agent only

49 (1.7)

   No pharmacotherapy

510 (17.2)

Clinical and laboratory measures

 Body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) a

28.3 (5.9)

 Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) a

137.7 (18.7)

 Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) a

77.7 (10.6)

 HbA1c (%) a

8.4 (2.2)

 Total cholesterol (mmol/L) a

5.1 (1.2)

 Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mmol/L) a

3.0 (1.1)

 High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mmol/L) a

1.3 (0.6)

Clinic characteristics (n = 40)

 Geographical location

  Urban

22 (55.0)

  Rural

18 (45.0)

 Daily attendances a

210 (160)

 Family medicine specialist available

10 (25.0)

 Diabetes educator available

24 (60.0)

 Diabetes medication adherence service available

34 (85.0)

  1. ACEI angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB angiotensin-II receptor blocker, HbA1c glycated haemoglobin;
  2. amean (standard deviation)