Characteristics | N (%) |
---|---|
Demographics (n = 2960) | |
 Age (years) a | 60 (11) |
 Sex | |
  Male | 1085 (36.7%) |
  Female | 1875 (63.3%) |
 Ethnicity | |
  Malay | 2098 (70.9) |
  Chinese | 486 (16.4) |
  Indian | 357 (12.1) |
  Others | 19 (0.6) |
Diabetes variables and comorbidities | |
 Duration of diabetes (years) a | 7.3 (5.6) |
 Hypertension | 2341 (79.1) |
 Hyperlipidaemia | 1552 (52.4) |
 Microvascular complications | 830 (28.0) |
  Nephropathy | 401 (13.5) |
  Diabetic eye complications (retinopathy, cataract) | 303 (10.2) |
  Neuropathy | 126 (4.3) |
 Macrovascular complications | 236 (8.0) |
  Coronary heart disease | 145 (4.9) |
  Cerebrovascular disease | 57 (1.9) |
  Heart failure | 33 (1.1) |
  Peripheral vascular disease | 1 (0.03) |
 Glucose-lowering therapy | |
  Oral only | 1942 (65.6) |
  Insulin ± oral | 927 (31.3) |
  No pharmacotherapy | 91 (3.1) |
 Antihypertensive therapy | |
  ACEI or ARB | 1962 (66.3) |
  Other antihypertensive | 618 (20.9) |
   No pharmacotherapy | 380 (12.8) |
 Lipid-lowering therapy | |
  Statin ± other lipid-lowering agent | 2401 (81.1) |
  Other lipid-lowering agent only | 49 (1.7) |
   No pharmacotherapy | 510 (17.2) |
Clinical and laboratory measures | |
 Body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) a | 28.3 (5.9) |
 Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) a | 137.7 (18.7) |
 Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) a | 77.7 (10.6) |
 HbA1c (%) a | 8.4 (2.2) |
 Total cholesterol (mmol/L) a | 5.1 (1.2) |
 Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mmol/L) a | 3.0 (1.1) |
 High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mmol/L) a | 1.3 (0.6) |
Clinic characteristics (n = 40) | |
 Geographical location | |
  Urban | 22 (55.0) |
  Rural | 18 (45.0) |
 Daily attendances a | 210 (160) |
 Family medicine specialist available | 10 (25.0) |
 Diabetes educator available | 24 (60.0) |
 Diabetes medication adherence service available | 34 (85.0) |