Antibiotic prescribing for acute respiratory tract infections in the United States outpatient setting

BMC Primary Care

Table 4 Factors associated with receipt of an antibiotic during a ARI visit^a,b

Characteristic	OR^a,b	95% CI	p ^e
Age (years), continuous	0.99	0.99, 1.00	0.0785
Sex
Female	1.08	0.97, 1.19	0.1494
Male (ref)
Race
Black	1.51	1.25, 1.84	< 0.001
Asian	0.72	0.56, 0.93	0.0118
Other	2.24	1.60, 3.13	< 0.0001
White (ref)
Comorbidities^c, continuous	0.97	0.93, 1.01	0.1492
Region
Northeast	1.03	0.87, 1.21	0.7421
Midwest	1.18	1.01, 1.38	0.0411
West	0.93	0.80, 1.09	0.3775
South (ref)
Income, continuous	1.00	1.00, 1.00	0.4597
Insurance coverage
Any Private	1.05	0.76, 1.44	0.7756
Any Public	0.85	0.61, 1.17	0.3167
Uninsured (ref)
Medicare
Yes	1.09	0.90, 1.32	0.3868
No (ref)
SF-12
Above average	1.21	1.03, 1.42	0.0190
Below average	1.14	0.94, 1.37	0.1813
Average (ref)
Provider type
Physician	1.36	1.13, 1.65	0.0016
APP (ref)
Concordant race^d
Yes	5.41	4.65, 6.29	< 0.0001
No (ref)
White	3.98	1.96, 8.08	0.0002
Black	2.61	1.21, 5.65	0.0153
Asian	2.23	1.06, 4.69	0.0353
Not concordant (ref)

Abbreviations: ARI acute respiratory tract infection, OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, APP advanced practice provider
^a The odds compare those ARI visits where antibiotics were prescribed to those ARI visits where no antibiotic was prescribed
^b Each estimate is adjusted for all other variables in the table
^c Comorbidities include: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, angina, joint pain, high blood pressure, arthritis, emphysema, diabetes, elevated cholesterol, coronary heart disease, chronic bronchitis, cancer, asthma, history of stroke, history of heart attack, and other heart disease
^d Concordant race refers to the patient and provider being of the same race as reported by the patient
^e p-value represents a test for significance of the odds ratio

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