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Table 1 Essential elements, ideal elements and general qualities of SDM

From: Goal setting is insufficiently recognised as an essential part of shared decision-making in the complex care of older patients: a framework analysis

Essential elements

Ideal elements

General qualities

Define/explain problem

Unbiased information

Deliberation/negotiation

Present options

Define roles

Flexibility

Discuss pros/cons

Present evidence

Information exchange

Patient values/preferences

Mutual agreement

Involves at least two people

Discuss patient ability/self-efficacy

 

Middle ground

Doctor knowledge/recommendations

 

Mutual respect

Check/clarify understanding

 

Partnership

Make or explicitly defer decision

 

Patient education

Arrange follow-up

 

Patient participation

  

Process/stages

  1. Note: Table 1 provides an overview of essential elements, ideal elements and general qualities of SDM, based on the research of Makoul and Clayman [18]. Their integrative model of SDM is restricted to the essential elements because it was intended to encompass different clinical contexts, types of decisions and levels of involvement. The ideal elements may enhance the SDM process but are more applicable to some encounters than others, and not necessary for SDM to take place. The general qualities provide an overall sense of SDM; however, these are not specific to SDM