Parameter | Unadjusted Model | Adjusted Model | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Estimate | 95% CI | P-Value | Estimate | 95% CI | P-Value | |
Intercept (baseline UPC) | 75.9 | 75.5 to 76.3 | < 0.0001 | 57.2 | 56.3 to 58.1 | < 0.0001 |
Pre-intervention slope (secular trend, per year) | 0.35 | 0.30 to 0.41 | < 0.0001 | −0.27 | − 0.34 to − 0.21 | < 0.0001 |
Change in intercept (immediate impact) | 0.42 | 0.45 to 0.58 | < 0.0001 | 0.39 | 0.23 to 0.55 | < 0.0001 |
Change in slope (gradual effect, per year) | −0.72 | − 0.82 to − 0.61 | < 0.0001 | − 0.59 | −0.69 to − 0.49 | < 0.0001 |
Female physician | −1.05 |  |  | −1.05 | −1.80 to − 0.29 | 0.007 |
Physician panel size | ||||||
  < 500 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |
 500–999 |  |  |  | 4.10 | 3.97 to 4.23 | < 0.0001 |
 1000–1999 |  |  |  | 6.83 | 6.68 to 7.37 | < 0.0001 |
 2000–2999 |  |  |  | 7.52 | 7.37 to 7.67 | < 0.0001 |
  > 3000 |  |  |  | 8.16 | 7.99 to 8.34 | < 0.0001 |
Foreign Trained |  |  |  | −2.59 | −3.47 to −1.70 | < 0.0001 |
Years since graduation |  |  |  | 0.43 | 0.39 to 0.47 | < 0.0001 |
Patient age |  |  |  | 0.30 | 0.30 to 0.30 | < 0.0001 |
Female patient |  |  |  | −0.96 | −0.97 to − 0.94 | < 0.0001 |
Adjusted Clinical Group (ACG)b | ||||||
 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |
 1–4 |  |  |  | −2.60 | −2.66 to − 2.55 | < 0.0001 |
 5–9 |  |  |  | −6.10 | −6.16 to −6.05 | < 0.0001 |
 10+ |  |  |  | −9.18 | −9.24 to −9.12 | < 0.0001 |
Income Quintilea | ||||||
 1 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |
 2 |  |  |  | −0.002 | −0.021 to 0.018 | 0.88 |
 3 |  |  |  | −0.29 | −0.31 to − 0.27 | < 0.0001 |
 4 |  |  |  | − 0.36 | − 0.38 to − 0.34 | < 0.0001 |
 5 |  |  |  | − 0.37 | − 0.39 to − 0.35 | < 0.0001 |
Patient rurality | ||||||
 Urban |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |
 Suburban |  |  |  | − 0.26 | − 0.29 to − 0.23 | < 0.0001 |
 Rural |  |  |  | −1.41 | −1.48 to −1.35 | < 0.0001 |