Identifying heterogeneous health profiles of primary care utilizers and their differential healthcare utilization and mortality – a retrospective cohort study

Table 4 Multivariable negative binomial regression on healthcare utilization and cox proportional hazards regression on mortality in Year 2013 (k = 6)

Healthcare utilization or mortality ^a	IRR, unless otherwise specified	95% Confidence interval	p-value
Number of primary care outpatient clinic visits
Class 1	1.00	Reference
Class 2	2.69	2.64–2.73	< 0.001
Class 3	3.20	3.08–3.32	< 0.001
Class 4	2.42	2.28–2.57	< 0.001
Class 5	3.16	3.09–3.22	< 0.001
Class 6	2.83	2.66–3.02	< 0.001
Number of outpatient specialist clinic visit
Class 1	1.00	Reference
Class 2	1.67	1.62–1.74	< 0.001
Class 3	3.33	3.07–3.62	< 0.001
Class 4	2.60	2.28–2.98	< 0.001
Class 5	1.68	1.60–1.76	< 0.001
Class 6	6.60	5.75–7.56	< 0.001
Number of hospital admission
Class 1	1.00	Reference
Class 2	1.75	1.64–1.86	< 0.001
Class 3	8.05	7.14–9.07	< 0.001
Class 4	4.79	3.93–5.83	< 0.001
Class 5	2.20	2.03–2.38	< 0.001
Class 6	19.68	16.41–23.61	< 0.001
Number of emergency department visits
Class 1	1.00	Reference
Class 2	1.66	1.57–1.75	< 0.001
Class 3	6.89	6.19–7.67	< 0.001
Class 4	6.68	5.65–7.89	< 0.001
Class 5	1.91	1.78–2.06	< 0.001
Class 6	13.86	11.74–16.37	< 0.001
One-year all-cause mortality ^b
Class 1	1.00	Reference
Class 2	2.81	2.59–3.04	< 0.001
Class 3	14.57	13.25–16.01	< 0.001
Class 4	7.03	5.86–8.42	< 0.001
Class 5	4.43	4.05–4.83	< 0.001
Class 6	27.97	25.01–31.29	< 0.001

Abbreviations: IRR Incidence rate ratio (number of events divided by the person-time at risk)
^a– Class 1: Relatively Healthy; Class 2: Stable metabolic disease, Class 3: Metabolic disease with vascular complications, Class 4: High respiratory burden, Class 5: High Metabolic disease without complication, Class 6: Metabolic disease with end-organ failure
^b- Hazard ratio was reported
Models are adjusted for age, gender, and ethnicity. Survival time was used as exposure variable for negative binomial regression

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