Fig. 1

Sampling flow of CHSIs in urban China in 2011. Note: ^a The central district includes 10 provinces (Hebei^*, Shanxi, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Anhui, Jiangxi, Henan, Hunan^*, Hubei and Hainan). The eastern district includes six provinces (Liaoning^*, Shandong^*, Jiangsu, Zhejiang^*, Fujian^* and Guangdong) and three cities that are directly under the jurisdiction of the central government (Beijing^*, Shanghai and Tianjin). The western district includes 11 provinces (Inner Mongolia, Guangxi^*, Sichuan, Guizhou^*, Yunnan, Xizang, Shanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia^*, and Xinjiang) and one city that is directly under the jurisdiction of the central government (Chongqing). ^* Provinces selected for the study. ^b Dalian is one of the five cities (Xiamen, Ningbo, Qingdao, Shenzhen, and Dalian) that are specifically designated in the state plan and similar in size and economic situation to a provincial capital. ^c The plan was to examine three districts per city, though some of the selected cities had fewer than three districts. ^d The plan was to sample three institutions per district per city, though some selected districts had fewer than three institutions