Effect and Level | Odds Ratio | 95% CI | P-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Patient-level factors | |||
Male | 1.14 | (1.05,1.23) | 0.002 |
Age Group | |||
Less Than 40 | Reference | Reference | |
40 to Less Than 65 | 1.23 | (1.16,1.30) | <.001 |
65 to Less Than 80 | 1.30 | (1.23,1.38) | <.001 |
0 and Up | 1.35 | (1.27,1.44) | <.001 |
Race | |||
White | Reference | Reference | |
American Indian | 0.98 | (0.91,1.05) | 0.549 |
Asian | 0.95 | (0.88,1.04) | 0.266 |
Black | 1.02 | (0.99,1.04) | 0.124 |
Native Hawaiian | 1.00 | (0.95,1.06) | 0.956 |
Unknown or Missing | 1.02 | (0.99,1.04) | 0.188 |
Hispanic | 0.96 | (0.93,0.99) | 0.011 |
Marital Status | |||
Currently Married | Reference | Reference | |
Never Married | 0.98 | (0.96,1.00) | 0.038 |
Previously Married | 0.97 | (0.96,0.98) | <.001 |
Unknown Marital Status | 0.98 | (0.90,1.08) | 0.687 |
Homeless at Any Time During Year | 0.79 | (0.75,0.83) | <.001 |
Copay Status | |||
Must Pay Copay | Reference | Reference | |
No Copay Due to Disability | 0.98 | (0.96,0.99) | 0.010 |
No Copay Due to Low Income | 0.95 | (0.94,0.97) | <.001 |
Copay Status Unknown | 0.93 | (0.88,0.99) | 0.013 |
Mental Health Diagnoses | |||
Mood Disorder | 0.97 | (0.95,0.98) | <.001 |
Substance Abuse | 0.94 | (0.92,0.96) | <.001 |
PTSD | 0.99 | (0.97,1.01) | 0.399 |
Dementia | 0.94 | (0.90,0.97) | <.001 |
Other Mental Health Diagnosis | 0.99 | (0.96,1.02) | 0.650 |
Diagnostic Cost Group (DCG) Score Category | |||
Less Than or Equal to 0.5 | Reference | Reference | |
Greater Than 0.5 to 1 | 0.95 | (0.93,0.97) | <.001 |
Greater Than 1 to 1.5 | 0.93 | (0.91,0.95) | <.001 |
Greater Than 1.5 to 2 | 0.91 | (0.89,0.94) | <.001 |
Greater Than 2 | 0.89 | (0.86,0.91) | <.001 |
Distance From VHA Primary Care Clinic | |||
Less Than 5 Miles | Reference | Reference | |
5 to Less Than 25 Miles | 0.97 | (0.95,0.99) | 0.001 |
25 to Less Than 50 Miles | 0.85 | (0.83,0.88) | <.001 |
50 Miles or Greater | 0.62 | (0.59,0.65) | <.001 |
Missing | 1.15 | (1.01,1.30) | 0.034 |
Baseline BMI | |||
Less Than 18.5 | Reference | Reference | |
18.5 to Less Than 25 | 0.97 | (0.86,1.09) | 0.611 |
25 to Less Than 30 | 0.98 | (0.87,1.10) | 0.723 |
30 to Less Than 35 | 0.97 | (0.86,1.09) | 0.600 |
Greater Than or Equal to 35 | 0.97 | (0.86,1.09) | 0.599 |
Number of PC Visits in FY12 | |||
1 Visit | Reference | Reference | |
2 Visits | 1.78 | (1.72,1.85) | <.001 |
3 Visits | 1.25 | (1.21,1.30) | <.001 |
4 or More Visits | 1.23 | (1.18,1.29) | <.001 |
Patient Had Same Zip Code | 2.20 | (2.12,2.28) | <.001 |
Provider-level factors | |||
Assigned Provider Type in FY12a | |||
Physician | Reference | Reference | |
Nurse Practitioner | 0.87 | (0.78,0.97) | 0.011 |
Physician Assistant | 0.86 | (0.73,1.02) | 0.081 |
Physician Resident | 0.18 | (0.15,0.21) | <.001 |
Provider Turnover | 0.09 | (0.07,0.11) | <.001 |
Facility-level factors | |||
Presence of Endocrinology at Facilityb | 1.06 | (0.89,1.25) | 0.514 |
Rural Urban Commuting Area Status | |||
Metropolitan Area Core | Reference | Reference | |
Other Metropolitan Area | 1.07 | (0.89,1.28) | 0.467 |
Micropolitan | 0.98 | (0.82,1.16) | 0.778 |
Small Town or Rural | 0.81 | (0.59,1.11) | 0.193 |
State-level factors | |||
Percent of Primary Care Physicians Who Work With NPs/PA | |||
Lowest Tertile | Reference | Reference | |
Middle Tertile | 0.88 | (0.72,1.07) | 0.204 |
Highest Tertile | 0.95 | (0.74,1.22) | 0.684 |
Nurse Practitioner Scope of Practice Regulations | |||
Least Restrictive | Reference | Reference | |
Moderately Restrictive | 0.92 | (0.71,1.20) | 0.545 |
Most Restrictive | 0.79 | (0.64,0.97) | 0.027 |
Physician Assistant Scope of Practice Regulations | |||
Least Restrictive | Reference | Reference | |
Moderately Restrictive | 1.06 | (0.83,1.36) | 0.629 |
Most Restrictive | 1.17 | (0.93,1.46) | 0.183 |
Visn-level factors | |||
Region | |||
Northeast | Reference | Reference | |
West | 0.85 | (0.69,1.03) | 0.100 |
Midwest | 1.34 | (1.06,1.70) | 0.016 |
South | 0.87 | (0.73,1.04) | 0.127 |