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Table 1 Characteristics of included studies

From: The diagnostic test accuracy of rectal examination for prostate cancer diagnosis in symptomatic patients: a systematic review

Study ID

Country

Evidence level

Methods

Number of participants

Age range (years)

Index test

Reference

Outcomes

Mettlin 1991

USA

2b

Prospective cohort study

1218

55–70

PSA, DRE and TRUS

Biopsy

Sensitivity, specificity and PPV of DRE, PSA and TRUS.

Gelabert Mas 1997

Spain

2b

Prospective cohort study

82

> 50

PSA/DRE

Biopsy

Sensitivity, specificity, and PPV of DRE and PSA.

Hamilton 2006

UK

4

Case control

1297

≥ 40

PSA/DRE

Diagnosis of prostate cancer

PPV of symptoms, DRE and PSA.

Issa 2006

USA

2b

Retrospective cohort study

628

40–89

PSA/DRE

Biopsy

Sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of DRE and PSA.