Table 4 Overview of the Included Quantitative Studies with Patients, HCPs, or Patients and HCPs

Ary [48]

1986

USA

Insulin T2DM &

Non-insulin T2DM

Patients only

To assess levels of regime adherence and reasons for non-adherence in T1DM and T2DM

Patients with

T1DM (n = 24)

Non-insulin T2DM (n = 125)

Insulin T2DM (n = 59)

Recruited by doctors, newspaper adverts & American Diabetes Association meetings

Face-to-face Questionnaire

Brod [49]

2012a

USA, Canada, Japan,

Germany, UK and Denmark

Insulin T2DM

Patients and HCPs

To estimate the prevalence of self-treated hypoglycaemia in patients using basal analogues.

To identify demographic treatment-related and behavioural risk factors.

To describe patient and physician responses to these in the Global Attitude of Patients and Physicians 2 (GAPP2) study.

T2DM Patients using basal insulin analogues (n = 3,042)

Physicians (n = 1,222):

Specialists (45%)

PCPs (55%)

Online research panel

Cross-sectional online questionnaire

Brod [50].

2012b

USA, Canada, Japan,

Germany, UK and Denmark

Insulin T2DM

Patients and HCPs

To describe basal insulin analogue dosing irregularities; the effect on patient functioning, well-being and management; and the identification of patients most at risk in the GAPP2 study.

T2DM Patients using basal insulin analogues (n = 3,042)

Physicians (n = 1,222):

Specialists (45%)

PCPs (55%)

Online research panel

Cross-sectional online questionnaire

Brod [51]

2012c

USA, UK, Germany and France

T1DM,

Insulin T2DM & Non-insulin T2DM

Patients only

To determine how non-severe nocturnal hypoglycaemic events (NSNHEs) affect diabetes management, sleep quality, functioning, and to assess if these impacts differ by diabetes type or country.

T1DM and T2DM patients (n = 1086) who experienced NSNHE in the last month:

T1DM (n = 676)

Non-Insulin T2DM (n = 124)

Insulin T2DM (n = 286)

Online venues

Web-based survey

Brod [52]

2013a

USA, UK, Germany, Canada, France, Italy, Spain, Netherlands and Sweden

T1DM,

Insulin T2DM & Non-insulin T2DM

Patients only

To explore the burden and impact of NSNHEs on diabetes management, patient monitoring and well-being to better understand the role NSNHEs play in caring for people with diabetes and to facilitate optimal diabetes treatment strategies.

Patients (n = 2,108) with:

T1DM or T2DM.

T1DM (n = 692)

Non-insulin T2DM (n = 543)

Insulin T2DM (n = 873)

Online venues

Web based survey

Cefalu [53]

2008

USA, Mexico, UK, France, Germany, Spain and Brazil

Insulin T2DM &

Non-Insulin T2DM

Patients only

To understand patients’ perspectives to achieving good glycaemic control and determine how their perceptions of insulin may affect their decisions to initiate or intensify insulin.

T2DM adults (n = 1,444) of which:

Insulin T2DM (n = 469)

Online databases

Structured online and telephone survey.

Cuddihy [54]

2011

Germany, Japan, Spain, Turkey, UK and USA

HCPs Only

To investigate the opinions of PCPs and diabetes specialists on their perceived role in tackling T2DM and the challenges they face, particularly to insulin intensification.

Diabetes specialist physicians (n = 300)

PCPs (n = 300)

Recruited by telephone and online panels

Online survey

Diago-Cabezudo [55]

2013

Europe

T1DM &

Insulin T2DM

Patients only

To evaluate the effects of hypoglycaemia on the lives of patients with DM and determine if SMBG to prevent hypoglycaemic is an appealing and widely accepted concept.

Insulin treated patients (n = 1,848)

T1DM (n = 924)

Insulin T2DM (n = 924)

Online databases

Online survey

Fulcher [56]

2014

Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Israel, Mexico and South Africa

T1DM,

Insulin T2DM &

Non-insulin T2DM

Patients only

To understand the impact of nocturnal and daytime non-severe hypoglycaemic events on healthcare systems, work productivity & QOL in T1DM or T2DM.

T1DM (n = 64)

Non-insulin T2DM (n = 76)

Insulin T2DM (n = 160)

Recruited from online panels and by HCPs

Online and face-to-face surveys

Leiter [57]

2005

Canada

T1DM & Insulin T2DM

Patients only

To assess impact of mild, moderate and severe hypoglycaemia

and fear of future episodes on patients with T1DM or insulin-treated T2DM

Adults with insulin treated T2DM (n = 335)

T1DM (n = 202)

insulin T2DM (n = 133)

Diabetes Clinics

Self-administered questionnaire

Leiter [58]

2014

Canada

Insulin T2DM

Patients and HCPs

To assess the frequency and impact of dosing irregularities and self-treated hypoglycaemia in T2DM patients treated with insulin analogues in the GAPP2 study.

Patients with

Insulin treated T2DM (n = 156)

Physicians (n = 202)

Of which:

PCPs (n = 160)

Specialists (n = 42)

Online panels and

HCP registers

Online survey

Mehmet [59]

2015

UK

T1DM &

Insulin T2DM

Patients only

To determine if patients report problems with injecting insulin/SMBG in front of others and explore reasons why.

Insulin T2DM (n = 27)

T1DM (n = 49)

Hospital Clinic

Self-completed questionnaire

Mitchell [60]

2013

UK

Insulin T2DM &

Non-insulin T2DM

Patients only

To characterize hypoglycaemic events in T2DM and assess the relationship between the experiences and health outcomes.

T2DM adults (n = 1,329) of which:

Insulin T2DM (n = 301)

Research survey panel

Longitudinal online survey

Mollema [61]

2001

Netherlands

T1DM &

Insulin T2DM

Patients only

To examine functioning and self-management of insulin treated patients suffering from extreme fear of self-injecting and/or fear of self-testing.

Patients with insulin treated diabetes (n = 1,275) of which:

T1DM (n = 740)

T2DM (n = 535)

Randomly drawn from the Dutch Diabetes Association

Cross-sectional postal questionnaire

Mosnier-Pudar [62]

2009

France

Insulin T2DM &

Non-insulin T2DM

Patients only

To describe T2DM from the patient’s standpoint in a representative French panel in 2008.

T2DM Patients (n = 1,092)

of which:

Non-Insulin (n = 885)

Insulin T2DM (n = 207)

From a polling institute in France

Postal questionnaire

Peyrot [63]

2012a

China, Japan, USA,

Germany, Spain, France, Turkey & UK

T1DM &

Insulin T2DM

Patients only

To examine factors associated with insulin injection omission/ non-adherence in the Global Attitude of Patients and Physicians (GAPP) Study.

Insulin treated DM adults (n = 1,530) of which:

T1DM (n = 110)

T2DM (n = 1,420)

Research panels

Cross-sectional telephone survey

Peyrot [64]

2012b

China, Japan, USA,

Germany, Spain, France, Turkey & UK

T1DM &

Insulin T2DM

Patients and HCPs

To examine patient and physician beliefs regarding insulin therapy and degree to which patients adhere to insulin regimes in the GAPP Study.

Insulin treated DM adults (n = 1,530)

of which:

T1DM (n = 180)

T2DM (n = 1,350)

Physicians (n = 1,250) of which

Specialists (n = 600)

PCPs (n = 650)

Research panels

Cross-sectional telephone survey

Rubin [65]

2009

USA

T1DM &

Insulin T2DM

Patients and HCPs

To compare patients’ perceptions of injection-related problems with clinicians’ estimates of those problems.

Insulin treated adults (n = 501) of which

T2DM (n = 385)

PCPs (n = 101)

Endocrinologists (n = 100)

Diabetes Educators (n = 100)

Chronic illness panel,

Medical Register and Research database.

Online survey

Shiu [66]

2004

Hong Kong

Insulin T2DM

Patients only

To examine the relationship between a sense of coherence, fear of hypoglycaemia and metabolic control to identify whether other variables including age, hypoglycaemic experience and adherence to self-care practice, confounded the findings from two Swedish studies.

Insulin treated T2DM adults (n = 72)

Diabetes Centre

Cross-sectional face-to-face questionnaire

Siminerio [67]

2007

USA

HCPs only

To examine nurse and physician perceptions of nurse involvement in diabetes care.

General Nurses(n = 51)

DSNs (n = 50)

Generalist Physicians (n = 166)

Diabetes Specialist Physicians (n = 50)

Professional directories and listing

Cross-sectional survey conducted face-to-face or by telephone.

Van Avendonk [68]

2009

Netherlands

HCPs only

To investigate the organisation of insulin therapy in general practice and assess factors associated with providing insulin in T2DM patients.

Dutch GPs (n = 1,621)

University Medical Centre database.

Postal questionnaire

Zambanini [69]

1999

UK

T1DM &

Insulin T2DM

Patients only

To assess: prevalence of phobia and anxiety-related to insulin injections; association between insulin injection anxiety symptoms with level of general anxiety in the study group; and evaluate their influence of, on glycaemic control.

Insulin treated patients (n = 115) of which:

T1DM (n = 80) and Insulin T2DM (n = 35)

Hospital diabetes clinic.

Questionnaire administered by HCPs