The validity and reliability of the English version of the diabetes distress scale for type 2 diabetes patients in Malaysia

Table 5 The Cronbach alpha values in previous DDS-17 validation studies

Subscales	Country the DDS-17 was validated in (language) / year
Subscales	Malaysia (English) / 2016	Malaysia (Malay) / 2015 (25)	Thailand (Thai) / 2014 (43)	Denmark (Danish) / 2013 (42)	Norway (Norwegian) / 2012 (38)	Iran (Persian) / 2012 (41)	Hong Kong (Chinese) / 2011 (39)	United States (English) / 2005 (19)
Physician distress	0.78	0.82	0.85–0.96³	0.83–0.89³	0.81–0.87³	0.71	0.85	0.88
Emotional burden	0.86	0.86				0.81	0.87	0.88
Regime distress	0.84	0.93^1b				0.78	0.82^1a	0.90
Interpersonal distress	0.81	0.93^1b				0.77	0.82^1a	0.88
Total	0.92	0.94	0.95	0.92	0.92	−²	0.90	0.93

¹The regime distress and the interpersonal distress subscale were combined as the regime-and-social support-related distress subscale^a / therapeutic support distress^b
²Did not report the total DDS-17 Cronbach’s α value
³Did not report Cronbach’s α values of the individual subscales

ISSN: 2731-4553