Table 2 Overview of the studies included in the review
Study (Author, year, country) | Population | Type of screening | Setting | Intervention | Related CVR Outcome measures for uptake rate |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Randomized/cluster randomized controlled trials | |||||
 McDowell, 1989 Canada [47] | Adults aged ≥18 yearsa | BP | Primary care practice | 3 intervention groups: 1. Physician reminder (computer-based reminder) 2. Patient reminder (telephone) 3. Patient reminder (letter) Control: usual care | BP |
 Robson, 1989 UK [50] | Patients aged 30–64 yearsa | Multiple screening | Primary care practice | Dedicated personnel: health promotion nurse Control: doctor worked alone | BP, smoking history, cholesterol, family history of heart attack |
 Ornstein, 1991 USA [48] | Patients aged ≥18 yearsa | Multiple screening | Primary care practice | 3 intervention groups: 1. Physician reminder (paper based) 2. patient reminder (letter) 3. physician and patient reminder (multifaceted approach) Control: usual care | Cholesterol |
 Apkon, 2005 USA [51] | Patients aged ≥18 yearsa | Multiple screening | Primary care practice | Physician reminders (computer based) vs. usual care | Lipid, smoking screening |
 Kenealy, 2005 New Zealand [37] | Adults aged 50 years or oldera | Diabetes screening | Primary care practice | 3 intervention arms: 1. Physician reminder (flash alert in computer screen) 2. Physician reminder (patient giving the completed diabetes risk self-assessment form to the doctor) 3. Both 1 & 2 (multifaceted approach) Control: usual care | Glucoseb |
 Harari, 2008 UK [52] | Adults aged ≥65 yearsa | Multiple screening | Primary care practice | Health Risk Appraisal via mailed questionnaire and feedback to participants and general practitioners (multifaceted approach) vs. usual care | BP, cholesterol, blood glucose |
 van Wyk, 2008 Netherland [49] | Men aged 18 to 70 years and women aged 18 to 75 yearsa | cholesterol | Primary care practice | 2 intervention for physician reminder (computer based) vs. usual care: 1. Auto-alert 2. On demand alert | Cholesterol |
 Holt, 2010 UK [60] | patients aged 50–74 years identified as probable high-risk | CVRs | Primary care practice | Physicians reminder (computer based screen alerts vs. usual care | Overall CVRs |
 Stocks, 2012 Australia [58] | Patients aged 40–74 years | CVRs | Primary care practice | Financial incentives (added voucher incentives) vs. usual care (free test) | Overall CVRs |
 Grunfeld, 2013 Canada [27] | Adults aged 40–65 years | Multiple screening | Primary care practice | 3 intervention arms: 1. Dedicated personnel (practice facilitator at practice level) 2. Dedicated personnel (prevention practitioner at patient level) 3. Multifaceted approach (both 1&2) control: usual care | FBS, BP, Framingham risk calculated, BMI, waist circumference, smoking, physical activity, nutritionb |
Non-randomized trials with controlled group | |||||
 Fullard, 1987 UK [53] | Patients aged 35–64 yearsa | CVRs | Primary care practice | Multifaceted approach (practice facilitator with a practice prevention nurse) vs. usual care | Weight, BP, and smoking history |
 Franks, 1991 USA [62] | Patients aged ≥18 yearsa | cholesterol | Primary care practice | Financial incentives: Free vs. usual care (paid) | Cholesterol |
 Christensen, 1995 Denmark [59] | Men aged 40-49 | CVRs | Primary care practice | Financial incentives: Free vs. paid | Overall CVRS |
 Toth-Pal, 2004 Sweden [54] | Adults aged ≥70 years | Multiple screening | Primary care practice | Physician reminder (computer-based) vs. usual care | BP, diabetes |
 Frank, 2004 Australia [55] | Eligible adults fulfilled screeninga | Multiple screening | Primary care practice | Physician reminder (computer-based) vs. usual care | Weight, smoking status, BP, diabetes, lipid |
 Marshall, 2008 UK [61] | patients aged 35–74 years identified as probable high-risk | CVRs | Primary care practice | Dedicated personnel (project nurse) vs. usual care | Overall CVRs |
Pre- and Post- studies | |||||
 Vincent, 1995 USA [64] | Adult populationa | Multiple screening | Primary care practice | multifaceted approach: computer generated worksheet with a reminder on health maintenance procedure, periodic physician performance report, patients reminder (letter invitation) | Cholesterol |
 Bailie, 2003 Australia [56] | ≥50 years (majority indigenous) | Multiple screening | Primary care practice | multifaceted approach: clinical guidelines, computerised reminder systems, audit and feedback | Weight, BP, waistcircumference, BMI, glucose |
 Sinclair, 2006 New Zealand [63] | Adults eligible for cardiovascular risk screeninga | CVRs | Primary care practice | Multifaceted approach: 1) practice management software enhancement (alert to identify eligible patients for screening, electronic cardiovascular risk assessment tool) 2) CME for the clinical champion who oversee the project 3) Provision of relevant reporting and feedback 4) Eligible patients: letter invitation | Completed cardiovascular risk screen (5-year absolute cardiovascular risk) |
 wee, 2013 Singapore [33] | Adults aged ≥40 years | CVRs | community | Multifaceted approach: free screening and convenient screening at housing estate | BP, fasting blood glucose and lipid |
 Butala, 2013 USA [57] | adultsa | Multiple screening | Primary care practice | Physician reminders (paper-based notes for recommended preventive services) | Lipid and glucose |