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Table 3 Predisposing, Enabling and Needs Factors Associated with Treatment Adequacy

From: Generalized anxiety disorder in primary care: mental health services use and treatment adequacy

 

Pharmacotherapya

Psychotherapyb

Overallc

(N = 357)

(N = 345)

(N = 307)

 

Multivariate Associations (Final Model)

 

Multivariate Associations (Final Model)

 

Multivariate Associations (Final Model)

Bivariate Associations

OR (95 % CI)

P

Bivariate Associations

OR (95 % CI)

P

Bivariate Associations

OR (95 % CI)

P

P

  

P

  

P

  

Predisposing factors

Gender (female)

.613

0.95 (0.52-1.76)

.873

.086

2.16 (1.00-4.68)

.052

.526

1.32 (0.77-2.31)

0.311

Age group

  25-44 (ref)

    

1.00

    

  18-24

.384

  

.475

0.90 (0.32-2.50)

.836

.581

  

  45-59

.181

  

.008

0.48 (0.25-0.92)

.026

.938

  

  60+

.806

  

.083

0.45 (0.12-1.72)

.246

.598

  

Education

  High school degree or less (ref)

 

1.00

  

1.00

    

  Collegial degree

.790

0.86 (0.46-1.60)

.638

.705

0.75 (0.35-1.60)

.455

.723

  

  University degree

.091

0.56 (0.28-1.31)

.107

.003

1.96 (0.98-3.94)

.057

.337

  

Marital status

  Single (ref)

 

1.00

       

  Married/Living together

.853

0.91 (0.48-1.72)

.775

.163

  

.568

  

  Separated/Divorced/Widowed

.001

2.99 (1.40-6.39)

.005

.114

  

.160

  

Enabling factors

Patient perception of income

         

  Poor/Very poor (ref)

    

1.00

    

  Sufficient

.810

  

.437

1.18 (0.57-2.48)

.651

.192

  

  Financially secure

.456

  

.018

2.03 (0.80-5.14)

.134

.813

  

Private medication insurance coverage (Yes)

.302

  

.252

  

.483

  

Private insurance coverage for complementary health services (Yes)

.612

  

.068

1.16 (0.61-2.21)

.658

.712

  

Has a family physician (Yes)

.026

3.11 (1.30-7.43)

.011

.591

  

.069

1.90 (1.01-3.71)

0.051

GAD detected by health professional in the past 12 months (Yes)

<.001

3.89 (2.18-6.94)

<.001

.006

2.94 (1.56-5.52)

.001

<.001

3.14 (1.98-5.04)

<0.001

Needs factors

Comorbid major depression

.028

1.68 (0.90-3.16)

.106

.201

  

.009

1.82 (1.09-3.08)

0.024

Comorbid anxiety disorder

.973

  

.022

0.51 (0.28-0.94)

.031

.135

  

Comorbid chronic illnesses

  0

.154

  

.805

  

.161

  

  1

.121

  

.683

  

.104

  

  2

.359

  

.602

  

.743

  

  3 or more (ref)

         

Random factor (Variance components)

Clinic ID (Intercept)

 

0.11

  

0.00

  

0.00

 
  1. NOTES: Bivariate association’s threshold is p ≤ 0.10. If no ORs are written for a model, associate variables are not included in the corresponding model
  2. Gender is included in all final models (all non-significant)
  3. aIndicator defined as: adequate GAD medication at an adequate dosage, plus at least 3 consultations with a general practitioner or psychiatrist
  4. bIndicator defined as: psychotherapy with a CBT approach and ≥ 12 sessions of at least 15 minutes with the same healthcare professional
  5. cIndicator defined as: adequate pharmacologicala and/or adequate psychologicalb treatment