Table 2 Sensitivities (sens), specificities (spec), positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV), odds ratios (OR) and likelihood ratios (LR+ and LR-) of clinical signs and symptoms and C-reactive protein (CRP) for the presence of obstructive airway disease (n = 60)
Signs/Symptoms | Sens | 95% CI | Spec | 95% CI | PPV | 95% CI | NPV | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | LR + | 95% CI | LR - | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CRP > 2 mg/l | 62.2 | 46.1–75.9 | 72.7 | 51.9–86.9 | 79.3 | 61.6–90.2 | 53.3 | 36.1–69.8 | 4.4 | 1.4–13.8 | 2.3 | 1.1–4.7 | 0.5 | 0.3–0.8 |
Dyspnea | 62.2 | 46.1–75.9 | 47.8 | 29.2–67.0 | 65.7 | 49.2–79.2 | 44.0 | 26.7–62.9 | 1.5 | 0.5–4.3 | 1.2 | 0.8–1.9 | 0.8 | 0.4–1.4 |
Coughing | 29.7 | 17.5–45.8 | 34.8 | 18.8–55.1 | 42.3 | 25.5–61.1 | 23.5 | 12.4–40.0 | 0.2 | 0.1–0.7 | 0.5 | 0.3–0.8 | 2.0 | 1.1–3.7 |
Expectoration | 40.5 | 26.3–56.5 | 69.7 | 49.1–84.4 | 68.2 | 47.3–83.6 | 42.1 | 27.9–57.8 | 1.6 | 0.5–4.7 | 1.3 | 0.6–2.8 | 0.9 | 0.6–1.3 |
Wheezing | 75.7 | 59.9–86.6 | 52.2 | 33.0–70.8 | 71.8 | 56.2–83.5 | 57.1 | 36.5–75.5 | 3.4 | 1.1–10.3 | 1.6 | 1.0–2.5 | 0.5 | 0.2–0.9 |
Smoking history | 62.2 | 46.1–75.9 | 52.2 | 29.2–67.0 | 65.7 | 49.2–79.2 | 44.0 | 26.7–62.9 | 0.7 | 0.2–1.9 | 1.2 | 0.8–1.9 | 0.8 | 0.4–1.4 |
Auscultation | 27.8 | 15.8–44.0 | 87.0 | 67.9–95.5 | 76.9 | 49.7–91.8 | 43.5 | 30.2–57.8 | 2.6 | 0.6–10.6 | 2.1 | 0.7–6.9 | 0.8 | 0.6–1.1 |