Table 1 Basic characteristic of PHC in the EUprimecare countries
| Â | Hungary | Italy | Spain | Lithuania | Finland | Estonia | Germany |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model type | PHC based on individual generalists | PHC based on individual generalists | PHC based on individual generalists and PHC based on group practices | PHC based on group practices | PHC through health centers | PHC through health centers | PHC based on choice of specialists’ services |
Model homogenity | Mainly solo practices | 75% solo practices | 40% solo practices, 60% group practices | 75% group practices | 100% health centers | 100% health care centers | Mainly ambulatory care specialists in solo practices and some polyclinics |
PC practice ownership | Private | Private | Private | 75% public, 25% private | 98% public | Public | Solo practices are private |
Employment type of GP | Private enterpreneurs | Private enterpreneurs | Private enterpreneurs | Mostly employees | Employees | Mostly employees | Private entrepreneurs in practices and employed professionals in policlinics |
| Â | Hungary | Italy | Spain | Lithuania | Finland | Estonia | Germany |
Payment methods | Capitation and some extra on the basis of the practice characteristics, P4P scheme based on quality indicators | Capitation | Capitation (73%), fees for services (15%), basic allowance (10%), other (2%) | Capitation (85%), fee for service (9%), bonus for the performance (6%) | Salary and additional fee for service, and bonuses for performance. | Salary and capitation (15%) | Mixture of fees per time period and per medical procedure |
Gatekeeper for referrals | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Not characteristic, but national incentives promote the gategeeping role of GPs |