Prostate specific antigen testing is associated with men’s psychological and physical health and their healthcare utilisation in a nationally representative sample: a cross-sectional study

Table 3 Univariate (OR 95% CI) and multivariate (OR 95% CI) analysis of associations between psychological and physical health covariates, and ever having had a PSA test (Stage 2)

Physical, mental and emotional health		Univariate analysis			Multivariate analysis
Physical, mental and emotional health		OR	95% CI	p-value	OR	95% CI	p-value
Self-rated health	Excellent/Very good	1.00	Ref		1.00	Ref
	Good	0.79	0.67-0.92	0.003	0.78	0.66-0.93	0.005
	Fair/Poor	0.96	0.78-1.18	0.688	0.88	0.69-1.38	0.320
Self-rated emotional/mental health	Excellent/Very good	1.00	Ref		1.00	Ref
	Good	0.84	0.72-0.98	0.026	0.91	0.77-1.08	0.258
	Fair/Poor	0.72	0.56-0.92	0.008	0.82	0.62-1.08	0.158
Depression	CES-D	0.98	0.97-0.99	0.002	0.99	0.98-1.00	0.126
Depression	No	1.00	Ref		1.00	Ref
	Sub-threshold	0.75	0.62-0.90	0.003	0.79	0.64-0.97	0.025
	Case-level	0.74	0.56-0.98	0.035	0.85	0.62-1.15	0.293
Anxiety	Continuous	0.98	0.96-1.00	0.078	1.00	0.97-1.02	0.791
Anxiety categorical	Not anxious	1.00	Ref		Ref	1.00
	Borderline	0.99	0.79-1.26	0.980	1.02	0.79-1.30	0.906
	Case-level	0.65	0.48-0.88	0.003	0.79	0.57-1.09	0.159
	Unclassified	0.62	0.52-0.74	<0.001	0.71	0.59-0.87	0.001
Cognition: MMSE score	Continuous	1.04	1.01-1.08	0.023	1.05	1.01-1.10	0.024
MMSE score for cognitive impairment	Unimpaired	1.00	Ref		1.00	Ref
	Mild-moderate	0.79	0.60-1.04	0.096	0.79	0.58-1.08	0.134
	Unrecorded	0.72	0.62-0.84	<0.001	0.84	0.71-1.00	0.049
Frailty	Not frail	1.00	Ref		1.00	Ref
	Pre-frail	0.76	0.62-0.91	0.003	0.68	0.56-0.83	<0.001
	Frail	0.95	0.58-1.56	0.846	0.61	0.35-1.05	0.072
	Unrecorded	0.65	0.55-0.76	<0.001	0.72	0.60-0.85	<0.001
Arthritis		1.59	1.32-1.91	<0.001	1.23	0.99-1.52	0.058
Aspirin		1.62	1.36-1.92	<0.001	1.18	0.96-1.44	0.113
Statin		1.71	1.46-2.00	<0.001	1.28	1.06-1.54	0.009

Multivariate ORs are adjusted for the core model: adjusted for age (continuous), marital status (married/ single/separated or divorced/widowed), education level attained (primary/secondary/ third level), employment status (employed/retired/other), smoking status (never/ past/current), number of GP visits in the past year (continuous), receipt of influenza vaccine (ever/never), number of chronic illness reported (continuous), GMS eligibility (yes/no) prior cancer diagnosis (yes/no) and reported receipt of medicines for BPH.

ISSN: 2731-4553