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Table 4 Frequency distribution of respondents by stress status and socio-demographic characteristics and other selected variables

From: Depression, anxiety and stress symptoms among diabetics in Malaysia: a cross sectional study in an urban primary care setting

Variables

Stress symptoms

P

cOR

95% CI

No (n) †

(%)

Yes (n) ‡

(%)

Lower

Upper

Age (Years)

    

0.336

   

30 – 39*

133

84.2

25

15.8

-

-

-

-

40 - 49

408

88.5

53

11.5

0.159

0.691

0.413

1.156

50 - 59

784

88.2

105

11.8

0.160

0.713

0.444

1.144

60 – 69

627

86.1

101

13.9

0.525

0.857

0.532

1.380

70 - 79

214

89.9

24

10.1

0.092

0.597

0.327

1.088

≥ 80

28

82.4

6

17.6

0.793

1.140

0.428

3.037

Sex

        

Male*

870

89.2

105

10.8

-

-

-

-

Female

1324

86.4

209

13.6

0.035

1.31

1.02

1.68

Ethnicity

    

0.077

   

Malay*

1135

88.5

147

11.5

-

-

-

-

Chinese

387

88.4

51

11.6

0.920

1.02

0.73

1.43

Asian Indian

671

85.3

116

14.7

0.030

1.34

1.03

1.73

Educational Level

    

0.219

   

None

253

88.8

32

11.2

0.484

1.211

0.709

2.068

Primary education

824

87.5

118

12.5

0.155

1.371

0.888

2.116

Secondary education

849

86.2

136

13.8

0.051

1.533

0.998

2.355

Tertiary education*

268

90.5

28

9.5

-

-

-

-

Monthly household income (MHI) in Malaysian Ringgit (MYR)

    

0.088

   

< 1,000

600

85.2

104

14.8

0.051

1.419

1.00

2.02

1,000 -< 3,000

1152

88.1

156

11.9

0.539

1.108

0.80

1.54

≥ 3,000*

442

89.1

54

10.9

-

-

-

-

Marital Status

    

0.573

   

Never married

62

87.3

9

12.7

0.906

1.04

0.51

2.13

Divorced/widowed/separated

1798

87.8

250

12.2

0.292

1.18

0.87

1.62

Married *

334

85.9

55

14.1

-

-

-

-

Current Job Status

    

0.152

   

Unemployed

436

85.0

77

15.0

0.043

1.40

1.01

1.93

Housewives

679

86.9

102

13.1

0.258

1.19

0.88

1.60

Retired

328

89.1

40

10.9

0.855

0.96

0.65

1.43

Employed*

751

88.8

95

11.2

-

-

-

-

BMI (kg/m 2 )

    

0.440

   

< 25.0*

676

86.8

103

13.2

-

-

-

-

≥ 25.0

915

88.5

119

11.5

0.271

0.85

0.64

1.13

≥ 30.0

603

86.8

92

13.2

0.993

1.00

0.74

1.35

Abdominal Obesity

        

No*

475

88.0

65

12.0

-

-

-

-

Yes

1719

87.3

249

12.7

0.70

1.06

0.79

1.42

Sr. Cholesterol level (mmol/l)

        

<5.2*

1545

87.4

222

12.6

-

-

-

-

≥ 5.2

649

87.6

92

12.4

0.919

0.99

0.76

1.28

HbA1c level (%)

        

≤8.5*

1376

89.5

161

10.5

-

-

-

-

>8.5

817

84.2

153

15.8

0.000

1.60

1.26

2.03

Duration of Diabetes (years)

        

< 2

182

88.3

24

11.7

-

-

-

-

≥ 2*

2012

87.4

290

12.6

0.694

0.915

0.59

1.43

Co-morbidity

        

No*

477

90.0

53

10.0

-

-

-

-

Yes

1717

86.8

261

13.2

0.049

1.37

1.00

1.87

Psychiatric illness in family

        

No*

2179

87.7

305

12.3

-

-

-

-

Yes

15

62.5

9

37.5

0.001

4.28

1.86

9.88

Diabetes in family

        

No*

594

89.9

67

10.1

-

-

-

-

Yes

1600

86.6

247

13.4

0.031

1.37

1.04

1.82

Life events within the past 6 months

        

No*

1227

89.4

146

10.6

-

-

-

-

Yes

967

85.2

168

14.8

0.002

1.46

1.15

1.85

Smoking status

    

0.836

   

Non smoker*

1824

87.3

265

12.7

-

-

-

-

Former smoker

142

88.8

18

11.2

0.743

0.94

0.63

1.39

Current smoker

228

88.0

31

12.0

0.598

0.87

0.53

1.45

Current drinker

        

No*

2119

87.8

295

12.2

-

-

-

-

Yes

75

79.8

19

20.2

0.023

1.82

1.08

3.05

Leisure-time physical activity level

        

Active*

1112

87.1

164

12.9

-

-

-

-

Inactive

1082

87.8

150

12.2

0.608

0.94

0.74

1.19

  1. cOR –Crude odds ratio.
  2. *- Reference group.
  3. † - Scores of 0–14 (normal).
  4. ‡ − Scores of ≥ 15 (mild, moderate, severe, extremely severe).
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