Skip to main content

Table 2 Frequency distribution of respondents by depression status and socio-demographic characteristics and other selected variables

From: Depression, anxiety and stress symptoms among diabetics in Malaysia: a cross sectional study in an urban primary care setting

Variables

Depression symptoms

P

cOR

95% CI

No (n) †

(%)

Yes (n) ‡

(%)

Lower

Upper

Age (Years)

    

0.593

   

30 – 39*

138

87.3

20

12.7

-

-

-

-

40 - 49

407

88.3

54

11.7

0.752

0.915

0.53

1.58

50 - 59

796

89.5

93

10.5

0.413

0.806

0.48

1.35

60 – 69

645

88.6

83

11.4

0.655

0.888

0.53

1.50

70 - 79

205

86.9

33

13.1

0.730

1.111

0.61

2.02

≥ 80

28

82.4

6

17.6

0.443

1.479

0.55

4.01

Sex

        

Male*

886

90.9

89

9.1

-

-

-

-

Female

1332

87.0

200

13.0

0.030

1.49

1.15

1.94

Ethnicity (n=2507)

    

0.006

   

Malay*

1155

90.1

127

9.9

 

-

-

-

Chinese

390

89.0

48

11.0

0.529

1.12

0.79

1.59

Asian Indian

673

85.5

114

14.5

0.002

1.54

1.18

2.02

Educational Level

    

0.006

   

None

231

81.9

54

18.1

0.001

2.24

1.37

3.65

Primary education

837

88.9

105

11.1

0.414

1.20

0.77

1.86

Secondary education

883

89.6

102

10.4

0.655

1.11

0.71

1.72

Tertiary education*

268

90.5

28

9.5

-

-

-

-

Monthly household income (MHI) in Malaysian Ringgit (MYR)

    

0.006

   

< 1,000

92

80.7

22

19.3

0.001

1.90

1.28

2.80

1,000 -< 3,000

238

85.9

39

14.1

0.021

1.54

1.07

2.23

≥ 3,000*

276

88.2

37

11.8

-

-

-

-

Marital Status

    

0.000

   

Never married

55

77.5

16

22.5

0.001

2.72

1.53

4.83

Divorced/widowed/separated

1850

90.3

198

9.7

0.000

2.23

1.67

2.99

Married*

314

80.7

75

19.3

-

-

-

-

Current Job Status

    

0.013

   

Unemployed

438

85.4

75

14.6

0.005

1.62

1.16

2.26

Housewives

682

87.3

99

12.7

0.047

1.37

1.00

1.82

Retired

334

90.8

34

9.2

0.855

0.96

0.63

1.46

Employed*

765

90.4

81

9.6

-

-

-

-

BMI (kg/m 2 )

    

0.207

   

< 25.0*

686

88.1

93

11.9

-

-

-

-

≥ 25.0

928

89.7

106

10.3

0.256

0.84

0.63

01.13

≥30.0

605

87.1

90

12.9

0.557

1.10

0.81

1.50

Abdominal Obesity

        

No *

484

89.6

56

10.4

-

-

-

-

Yes

1735

88.2

233

11.8

0.344

1.16

0.85

1.58

Sr. Cholesterol level (mmol/l)

        

<5.2*

1555

88.0

212

12.0

-

-

-

-

≥ 5.2

664

89.6

77

10.4

0.251

0.85

0.65

1.12

HbA1c level (%)

        

≤8.5 *

1369

89.1

168

10.9

-

-

-

-

>8.5

849

87.5

121

12.5

0.239

1.16

0.91

1.49

Duration of diabetes (years)

        

< 2

173

84.0

33

16.0

0.036

1.53

1.03

2.26

≥ 2*

2046

88.9

256

11.1

-

-

-

-

Co-morbidity

        

No*

466

87.9

64

12.1

-

-

-

-

Yes

1753

88.6

225

11.4

0.654

0.94

0.70

1.26

Psychiatric illness in family

        

No*

2202

88.6

282

11.4

-

-

-

-

Yes

17

70.8

7

29.2

0.010

3.22

1.32

7.82

Diabetes in family

        

No*

582

88.0

79

12.0

-

-

-

-

Yes

1637

88.6

210

11.4

0.688

0.945

0.718

1.245

Life events within the past 6 months

        

No*

1221

88.9

152

11.1

-

-

-

-

Yes

998

87.9

137

12.1

0.435

1.103

0.863

1.410

Smoking status

    

0.550

   

Non smoker*

1842

88.2

247

11.8

-

-

-

-

Former smoker

143

89.4

17

10.6

0.304

0.797

0.517

1.229

Current smoker

234

90.3

25

9.7

0.650

0.887

0.527

1.491

Current drinker

        

No*

2140

88.6

274

11.4

-

-

-

-

Yes

79

84.0

15

16.0

0.173

1.48

0.84

2.61

Leisure-time physical activity level

        

Inactive

1077

87.4

155

12.6

0.103

1.23

0.96

1.57

Active*

1142

89.5

134

10.5

-

-

-

-

  1. cOR –Crude odds ratio.
  2. *- Reference group.
  3. † - Scores of 0–9 (normal).
  4. ‡ − Scores of ≥ 10 (mild, moderate, severe, extremely severe).
Back to article page

BMC Primary Care

ISSN: 2731-4553

Contact us