Table 1 Characteristics of the sample stratified by gender and bereavement status

N (%)

76

1501

109

2355

(4.8%)

(95.2%)

(4.4%)

(95.6%)

Age

 mean

47

46

Z = −1.084

50

50

Z = −.189

 SD

(14.11)

(17.14)

p = .278

(13.95)

(18.06)

p = .850

Educational level (%) basic

17

282

χ² = 1.373

38

774

χ² = 3.353

(22.4%)

(18.8%)

p = .503

(35.2%)

(32.8%)

p = .187

 secondary

51

1016

61

1213

(67.1%)

(67.7%)

(56.0%)

(51.5%)

 higher

8

203

10

368

(10.5%)

(13.5%)

(8.8%)

(15.6%)

Anxiety

 mean

0.97

0.62

1.14

0.77

 SD

(1.06)

(0.78)

Z = −2.820

(0.95)

(0.88)

Z = −4.376

p = .005

p < .001

Depression

 mean

12.37

7.64

11.77

9.32

 SD

(13.84)

(10.55)

Z = −3.206

(13.30)

(11.77)

Z = −2.662

p = .001

p = .008

Somatic symptoms

 PHQ-15 mean

5.20

3.43

6.71

5.31

 SD

(6.00)

(3.84)

(5.87)

(4.97)

 minimal

45

1064

50

1313

(58.5%)

(70.9%)

(45.9%)

(55.7%)

 mild

21

312

30

624

(27.2%)

(20.8%)

(27.5%)

(26.5%)

 moderate

5

94

17

266

(6.2%)

(6.2%)

(15.6%)

(11.3%)

 severe^*

6

31

Z = −2.471

12

152 (6.5)%

Z = −2.722

(8.1%)

(2.1%)

p = .013

(11.0%)

p = .006