Effective interventions | Participants | Setting | Quality^ | RCT | SNAPW# |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
GROUP EDUCATION | |||||
4 to 5 group empowerment sessions over 7 months [22] | Patients with diabetes from 7 primary care centres | Community health | H | RCT |  |
*40 hour group education session over 4 weeks with participants following preset dietary goals [23] | Mostly white American | Other (Centre of Excellence) | H | RCT | N, P, W |
Church-based program tailored and culturally relevant that included awareness raising activities and exercise and cooking classes over 2 years [24] | Samoan and Tongan | Community | H |  | W |
*Language specific self management program of 2.5 hour weekly sessions for 6 weeks with audiocassette and booklet [25] | Greek, Vietnamese, Chinese and Italian | Community | M | RCT | P |
Culturally sensitive curriculum in small and large groups and support over 10 months [26] | Mexican American/Latina women of low socio-economic, low education | Community | M |  | P |
2.5 day program then weekly group education over 6 months and small group support [27] | Mostly Caucasian | Primary Care clinic | M | RCT | N, P |
*Chronic disease self management group program of 15 hours over 6 weeks [28] | Mostly Mexican born, low socio-economic, low education | Community | M |  | N, P |
*Small groups that met for an hour one night a week for 16 weeks and then every second week for a further 8 weeks [29] | Mean age 46 yrs | Community | M | RCT | P |
Monthly group meetings over 6 months and an additional individual session if requested by patient or needed [30] | Mostly white American | Primary care | M |  | N |
Classes and follow-up phone calls over 1 year [31] | Women 20 to 50 yrs | Community | M |  |  |
*10 weekly group education sessions [32] | Mean age around 73 | Hospital outpatient | M | RCT | Â |
*6 × 2 hour classes targeting stage of change and culturally appropriate resources and decision tree with periodic group support meetings after the class series [33] | Mostly Latino then African American, low socio-economic, low education | Community | M |  |  |
3 × 2 hr Prochaska-based stage matched group education sessions [34] | Low socio-economic and education | Primary care | M | RCT | N |
WRITTEN MATERIALS | |||||
*Computer generated tailored nutrition newsletters & profile feedback related to stage of change [35] | Majority African Americans | General practice | H | RCT | N |
3 iterative letters [36] | Educated, mean age 49 yrs | Community | M | RCT | N, P |
*3 repeated mailings of self help manuals and motivational messages related to stage of change [37] | Mostly Caucasian | Community | M | Â | P |
1 tailored or non-tailored letter [38] | Smokers aged 17 to 65 yrs | General practice | M | RCT | S |
*12 week mailed lifestyle intervention program [39] | Primarily Caucasian women | Community | L |  | P |
3 computer generated reports based on stage of change for each risk factor [40] | Mostly Caucasian | Primary care | M | RCT | S, N |
3 computer generated reports based on stage of change for each risk factor [41] | Mostly Caucasian | Community | M | RCT | S, N |
INDIVIDUAL COUNSELING | |||||
Lifestyle counseling by a doctor with video and written materials [42] | Mean age about 53 yrs | Primary health care | H |  |  |
Exercise prescription provided by GP, 1 counseling session with nurse and materials [43] | Mean age 59 yrs | Primary health care | H |  | P |
1–3 individual brief counseling by a nurse [44] | Low socio-economic, low education | Primary health care | M | RCT | P |
One individual consultation by a nurse [45] | Practice nurses and their patients | Primary health care | M | Â | Â |
One individual counseling by a registrar [46] | Mean age 41 yrs | Primary health care | M |  |  |
*One motivational counseling and patient setting targets [47] | Mostly female | Primary health care | M | RCT | P |
*Two individual counseling sessions by a physician and two follow-up phone calls [48] | Hypertension and/or hypercholesterolemia and/or non insulin dependent diabetes | General practice | M | RCT | P |
*12 to 20 week individual counseling for COPD patients [49] | Scandinavian | Primary health care | L | RCT | S, P |
MULTIPLE INTERVENTIONS | |||||
6 or 7 × 60min classes and multiple mail/telephone follow-up calls (Stanford Nutrition Action Program) [50] | Mostly Hispanic born in the US, poor, low education and literacy | Community | H | RCT | N |
*1 mailing of stage based booklets with provider endorsement and 2 motivational phone counseling sessions [51] | Majority Caucasian | General practice | M | RCT | N |
*Interactive computer sessions with feedback from a nurse, a risk factor manual, brief audio tapes, stress management and exercise instructions [52] | Mostly African American | Primary health care | M | Â | S |
Group education sessions with individual counseling [53] | 47% high school education or greater | General practice | M | RCT | W |
Various interventions designed by neighbourhood coalitions that have GP representation [54] | Low socio-economic, low education | Community | M | Â | N |
Stages of change based and counseling and written materials provided by a nurse [55] | Mostly female (70%) mean age 42.4 yrs | General practice | L |  | P |
Range of health promotion activities by lay community members [56] | Japanese. Age range 30 to 59 yrs | Community | M |  | N, P |
TELEPHONE | |||||
Two individual education sessions over the phone plus a mailed brochure [57] | Mostly middle aged, married, Non Hispanic black men | Community | H | RCT | Â |
6 months telephone counseling and exercise logs [58] | Well educated Caucasian | Community | L |  |  |
COMPUTER | |||||
*Self guided interactive program with 2 reminder phone calls [59] | Low socio economic, African and white American women | Community | M | Â | N |