Variables | Anxiety symptoms | P | cOR | 95% CI | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No (n) †| (%) | Yes (n) ‡ | (%) | Lower | Upper | |||
Age (Years) | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.006 | Â | Â | Â |
30 – 39* | 102 | 64.6 | 56 | 35.4 | - | - | - | - |
40 - 49 | 341 | 74.2 | 119 | 25.8 | 0.021 | 0.63 | 0.43 | 0.93 |
50 - 59 | 628 | 70.6 | 261 | 29.4 | 0.126 | 0.76 | 0.53 | 1.08 |
60 – 69 | 504 | 69.2 | 224 | 30.8 | 0.253 | 0.81 | 0.56 | 1.16 |
70 - 79 | 144 | 60.5 | 94 | 39.5 | 0.416 | 1.19 | 0.78 | 1.80 |
≥ 80 | 22 | 64.7 | 12 | 35.3 | 0.987 | 0.99 | 0.46 | 2.16 |
Sex | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Male* | 710 | 72.8 | 265 | 27.2 | - | - | - | - |
Female | 1032 | 67.3 | 501 | 32.7 | 0.004 | 1.30 | 1.09 | 1.55 |
Ethnicity | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.022 | Â | Â | Â |
Malay* | 911 | 71.0 | 372 | 29.0 | - | - | - | - |
Chinese | 314 | 71.7 | 124 | 28.3 | 0.778 | 0.97 | 0.76 | 1.23 |
Asian Indian | 516 | 65.7 | 270 | 34.3 | 0.012 | 1.28 | 1.06 | 1.55 |
Educational Level | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.070 | Â | Â | Â |
None | 184 | 64.6 | 101 | 35.4 | 0.045 | 1.43 | 1.01 | 2.04 |
Primary education | 629 | 66.8 | 313 | 33.2 | 0.076 | 1.30 | 0.97 | 1.73 |
Secondary education | 715 | 72.6 | 270 | 27.4 | 0.922 | 0.99 | 0.74 | 1.32 |
Tertiary education* | 214 | 72.3 | 82 | 27.7 | - | - | - | - |
Monthly household income (MHI) in Malaysian Ringgit (MYR) | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.001 | Â | Â | Â |
< 1,000 | 457 | 64.9 | 247 | 35.1 | 0.000 | 1.64 | 1.27 | 2.12 |
1,000 -< 3,000 | 912 | 69.7 | 396 | 30.3 | 0.022 | 1.32 | 1.04 | 1.67 |
≥ 3,000* | 373 | 75.2 | 123 | 24.8 | - | - | - | - |
Marital Status | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.010 | Â | Â | Â |
Never married | 52 | 73.2 | 19 | 26.8 | 0.626 | 0.88 | 0.51 | 1.49 |
Divorced/widowed/separated | 1445 | 70.6 | 603 | 29.4 | 0.003 | 1.41 | 1.12 | 1.77 |
Married* | 245 | 63.0 | 144 | 37.0 | - | - | - | - |
Current Job Status | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.000 | Â | Â | Â |
Unemployed | 315 | 61.4 | 198 | 38.6 | 0.000 | 1.86 | 1.47 | 2.35 |
Housewives | 530 | 67.9 | 251 | 32.1 | 0.002 | 1.40 | 1.13 | 1.74 |
Retired | 265 | 72.0 | 103 | 28.0 | 0.326 | 1.15 | 0.87 | 1.51 |
Employed* | 632 | 74.7 | 214 | 25.3 | - | - | - | - |
BMI (kg/m 2 ) | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.472 | Â | Â | Â |
< 25.0* | 529 | 67.9 | 250 | 32.1 | - | - | - | - |
≥ 25.0 | 721 | 69.7 | 313 | 30.3 | 0.407 | 0.92 | 0.75 | 1.12 |
≥ 30.0 | 492 | 70.8 | 203 | 29.2 | 0.023 | 0.87 | 0.70 | 1.09 |
Abdominal Obesity | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
No* | 373 | 69.1 | 167 | 30.9 | - | - | - | - |
Yes | 1369 | 69.6 | 599 | 30.4 | 0.827 | 0.98 | 0.80 | 1.20 |
Sr. Cholesterol level (mmol/l) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
<5.2* | 1215 | 68.8 | 552 | 38.2 | 0.242 | 0.90 | 0.74 | 1.08 |
≥ 5.2 | 527 | 71.1 | 214 | 28.9 | - | - | - | - |
HbA1c level (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
≤8.5* | 1101 | 71.6 | 436 | 28.4 | - | - | - | - |
>8.5 | 641 | 66.1 | 329 | 33.9 | 0.003 | 1.30 | 1.09 | 1.54 |
Duration of DM (years) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
< 2 | 158 | 76.7 | 48 | 23.3 | 0.019 | 1.49 | 1.07 | 2.09 |
≥ 2* | 1584 | 68.8 | 718 | 31.2 | - | - | - | - |
Co-morbidity | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
No* | 382 | 72.1 | 148 | 27.9 | - | - | - | - |
Yes | 1360 | 68.8 | 618 | 31.2 | 0.141 | 1.17 | 0.95 | 1.45 |
Psychiatric illness in family | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
No* | 1730 | 69.6 | 754 | 30.4 | 0.043 | 2.29 | 1.03 | 5.13 |
Yes | 12 | 50.0 | 12 | 50.0 | - | - | - | - |
Diabetes in family | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
No* | 477 | 72.2 | 184 | 37.8 | 0.079 | 1.19 | 0.98 | 1.45 |
Yes | 1265 | 68.5 | 582 | 31.5 | - | - | - | - |
Life events within the past 6 months | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
No* | 996 | 72.5 | 377 | 27.5 | - | - | - | - |
Yes | 746 | 65.7 | 389 | 34.3 | 0.000 | 1.38 | 1.16 | 1.63 |
Smoking status | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.064 | Â | Â | Â |
Non smoker* | 1433 | 68.6 | 656 | 31.4 | - | - | - | - |
Former smoker | 186 | 71.8 | 73 | 28.2 | 0.030 | 0.66 | 0.45 | 0.96 |
Current smoker | 123 | 76.9 | 37 | 23.1 | 0.292 | 0.86 | 0.64 | 1.14 |
Current drinker | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
No* | 1677 | 69.5 | 737 | 30.5 | - | - | - | - |
Yes | 65 | 69.1 | 29 | 30.9 | 0.947 | 1.015 | 0.650 | 1.59 |
Leisure-time physical activity level | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Active* | 931 | 73.0 | 345 | 27.0 | - | - | - | - |
Inactive | 811 | 65.8 | 421 | 34.2 | 0.000 | 1.40 | 1.18 | 1.66 |