Variables | Depression symptoms | P | cOR | 95% CI | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No (n) †| (%) | Yes (n) ‡ | (%) | Lower | Upper | |||
Age (Years) | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.593 | Â | Â | Â |
30 – 39* | 138 | 87.3 | 20 | 12.7 | - | - | - | - |
40 - 49 | 407 | 88.3 | 54 | 11.7 | 0.752 | 0.915 | 0.53 | 1.58 |
50 - 59 | 796 | 89.5 | 93 | 10.5 | 0.413 | 0.806 | 0.48 | 1.35 |
60 – 69 | 645 | 88.6 | 83 | 11.4 | 0.655 | 0.888 | 0.53 | 1.50 |
70 - 79 | 205 | 86.9 | 33 | 13.1 | 0.730 | 1.111 | 0.61 | 2.02 |
≥ 80 | 28 | 82.4 | 6 | 17.6 | 0.443 | 1.479 | 0.55 | 4.01 |
Sex | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Male* | 886 | 90.9 | 89 | 9.1 | - | - | - | - |
Female | 1332 | 87.0 | 200 | 13.0 | 0.030 | 1.49 | 1.15 | 1.94 |
Ethnicity (n=2507) | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.006 | Â | Â | Â |
Malay* | 1155 | 90.1 | 127 | 9.9 | Â | - | - | - |
Chinese | 390 | 89.0 | 48 | 11.0 | 0.529 | 1.12 | 0.79 | 1.59 |
Asian Indian | 673 | 85.5 | 114 | 14.5 | 0.002 | 1.54 | 1.18 | 2.02 |
Educational Level | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.006 | Â | Â | Â |
None | 231 | 81.9 | 54 | 18.1 | 0.001 | 2.24 | 1.37 | 3.65 |
Primary education | 837 | 88.9 | 105 | 11.1 | 0.414 | 1.20 | 0.77 | 1.86 |
Secondary education | 883 | 89.6 | 102 | 10.4 | 0.655 | 1.11 | 0.71 | 1.72 |
Tertiary education* | 268 | 90.5 | 28 | 9.5 | - | - | - | - |
Monthly household income (MHI) in Malaysian Ringgit (MYR) | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.006 | Â | Â | Â |
< 1,000 | 92 | 80.7 | 22 | 19.3 | 0.001 | 1.90 | 1.28 | 2.80 |
1,000 -< 3,000 | 238 | 85.9 | 39 | 14.1 | 0.021 | 1.54 | 1.07 | 2.23 |
≥ 3,000* | 276 | 88.2 | 37 | 11.8 | - | - | - | - |
Marital Status | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.000 | Â | Â | Â |
Never married | 55 | 77.5 | 16 | 22.5 | 0.001 | 2.72 | 1.53 | 4.83 |
Divorced/widowed/separated | 1850 | 90.3 | 198 | 9.7 | 0.000 | 2.23 | 1.67 | 2.99 |
Married* | 314 | 80.7 | 75 | 19.3 | - | - | - | - |
Current Job Status | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.013 | Â | Â | Â |
Unemployed | 438 | 85.4 | 75 | 14.6 | 0.005 | 1.62 | 1.16 | 2.26 |
Housewives | 682 | 87.3 | 99 | 12.7 | 0.047 | 1.37 | 1.00 | 1.82 |
Retired | 334 | 90.8 | 34 | 9.2 | 0.855 | 0.96 | 0.63 | 1.46 |
Employed* | 765 | 90.4 | 81 | 9.6 | - | - | - | - |
BMI (kg/m 2 ) | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.207 | Â | Â | Â |
< 25.0* | 686 | 88.1 | 93 | 11.9 | - | - | - | - |
≥ 25.0 | 928 | 89.7 | 106 | 10.3 | 0.256 | 0.84 | 0.63 | 01.13 |
≥30.0 | 605 | 87.1 | 90 | 12.9 | 0.557 | 1.10 | 0.81 | 1.50 |
Abdominal Obesity | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
No * | 484 | 89.6 | 56 | 10.4 | - | - | - | - |
Yes | 1735 | 88.2 | 233 | 11.8 | 0.344 | 1.16 | 0.85 | 1.58 |
Sr. Cholesterol level (mmol/l) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
<5.2* | 1555 | 88.0 | 212 | 12.0 | - | - | - | - |
≥ 5.2 | 664 | 89.6 | 77 | 10.4 | 0.251 | 0.85 | 0.65 | 1.12 |
HbA1c level (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
≤8.5 * | 1369 | 89.1 | 168 | 10.9 | - | - | - | - |
>8.5 | 849 | 87.5 | 121 | 12.5 | 0.239 | 1.16 | 0.91 | 1.49 |
Duration of diabetes (years) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
< 2 | 173 | 84.0 | 33 | 16.0 | 0.036 | 1.53 | 1.03 | 2.26 |
≥ 2* | 2046 | 88.9 | 256 | 11.1 | - | - | - | - |
Co-morbidity | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
No* | 466 | 87.9 | 64 | 12.1 | - | - | - | - |
Yes | 1753 | 88.6 | 225 | 11.4 | 0.654 | 0.94 | 0.70 | 1.26 |
Psychiatric illness in family | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
No* | 2202 | 88.6 | 282 | 11.4 | - | - | - | - |
Yes | 17 | 70.8 | 7 | 29.2 | 0.010 | 3.22 | 1.32 | 7.82 |
Diabetes in family | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
No* | 582 | 88.0 | 79 | 12.0 | - | - | - | - |
Yes | 1637 | 88.6 | 210 | 11.4 | 0.688 | 0.945 | 0.718 | 1.245 |
Life events within the past 6 months | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
No* | 1221 | 88.9 | 152 | 11.1 | - | - | - | - |
Yes | 998 | 87.9 | 137 | 12.1 | 0.435 | 1.103 | 0.863 | 1.410 |
Smoking status | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.550 | Â | Â | Â |
Non smoker* | 1842 | 88.2 | 247 | 11.8 | - | - | - | - |
Former smoker | 143 | 89.4 | 17 | 10.6 | 0.304 | 0.797 | 0.517 | 1.229 |
Current smoker | 234 | 90.3 | 25 | 9.7 | 0.650 | 0.887 | 0.527 | 1.491 |
Current drinker | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
No* | 2140 | 88.6 | 274 | 11.4 | - | - | - | - |
Yes | 79 | 84.0 | 15 | 16.0 | 0.173 | 1.48 | 0.84 | 2.61 |
Leisure-time physical activity level | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Inactive | 1077 | 87.4 | 155 | 12.6 | 0.103 | 1.23 | 0.96 | 1.57 |
Active* | 1142 | 89.5 | 134 | 10.5 | - | - | - | - |