Figure 4From: Improving chronic disease prevention and screening in primary care: results of the BETTER pragmatic cluster randomized controlled trial Costs and effects for control and treatment groups. The ratio of the difference in costs between two groups to the difference in eligible actions accomplished represents the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) (dotted line). PP/PF: Combined practice-level and patient-level intervention. NB: The PF intervention is within the “efficiency frontier” so it is not considered an efficient use of resources.Back to article page